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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

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For the year ended December 31, 2023

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For the transition period from to            

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Commission File Number 001-36464

Agile Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

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500 College Road East, Suite 310

Princeton, New Jersey 08540

(Address including zip code of principal executive offices)

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(609) 683-1880

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

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Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Common Stock, par value $0.0001 per share

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ◻ No ⌧

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ⌧ No ◻

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ⌧ No ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

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If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

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Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

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If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

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Indicate by check mark whether any of those corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to § 240.10D-1(b). ☐

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Indicate by checkmark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ◻ No ☒

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The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2023 was approximately $4.8 million.

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As of March 27, 2024, there were 6,856,229 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), to be filed within 120 days of the registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Except with respect to information specifically incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Proxy Statement is not deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Agile Therapeutics, Inc.

Annual Report on Form 10-K

For the Year Ended December 31, 2023

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SPECIAL CAUTIONARY NOTICE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes statements that are, or may be deemed, “forward-looking statements.” In some cases, these forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,” “estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “plans,” “intends,” “may,” “designed,” “could,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “approximately” or, in each case, their negative or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. They appear in a number of places throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K and include statements regarding our current intentions, beliefs, projections, outlook, analyses or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth and strategies, including expense reduction strategies, the length of time that we will be able to continue to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditures, our expected financing needs and sources of financing, the attractiveness of our business to potential investors or business partners, our ongoing and planned manufacturing and commercialization of Twirla^®, the potential market acceptance and uptake of Twirla^®, the development of our other potential product candidates, the strength and breadth of our intellectual property, our ongoing and planned clinical trials, the timing of and our ability to make regulatory filings and obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for our potential product candidates, the legal and regulatory landscape impacting our business, the degree of clinical utility of our products, particularly in specific patient populations, expectations regarding clinical trial data, the industry in which we operate and the trends that may affect the industry or us.

By their nature, forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties because they relate to events, competitive dynamics, and healthcare, regulatory and scientific developments and depend on the economic circumstances that may or may not occur in the future or may occur on longer or shorter timelines than anticipated. Although we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods.

In addition, with respect to all our forward looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

Some of the factors that we believe could cause actual results to differ from those anticipated or predicted include:

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Risk Factor Summary

Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including those described in Item 1A “Risk Factors.” These risks include, but are not limited to, the following:

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Any forward-looking statements that we make in this Annual Report on Form 10-K speak only as of the date of such statement, and we undertake no obligation to update such statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should also read carefully the factors described in the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to better understand the risks and uncertainties inherent in our business and underlying any forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, any such inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard any of these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified timeframe, or at all.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes statistical and other industry and market data that we obtained from industry publications and research, surveys and studies conducted by third parties. Industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies generally indicate that their information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. While we believe these industry publications and third-party research, surveys and studies are reliable, we have not independently verified such data.

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Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a women’s healthcare company dedicated to fulfilling the unmet health needs of today’s women. We are committed to innovating in women’s healthcare where there continues to be unmet needs – not only in contraception – but also in other meaningful women’s health therapeutic areas. We are focused on our advancement as a commercial company and the growth of our first and only product, Twirla, a once-weekly prescriptions combination hormonal contraceptive patch.

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Twirla exposes patients to an estrogen dose consistent with commonly prescribed combined hormonal contraceptives, or CHCs, and is lower than the estrogen dose found in other marketed contraceptive patches. We believe there is a market need for a contraceptive patch that is designed to deliver hormonal exposure equivalent to 30 mcg of estrogen and 120 mcg of progestin in a convenient once-weekly dosage form that may support compliance in a noninvasive fashion. Twirla leverages our proprietary transdermal patch technology called Skinfusion^®. Skinfusion is designed to allow drug delivery through the skin while promoting patch adhesion and patient comfort and wearability, which may help support compliance.

We are focused on our advancement as a commercial company. Over the course of 2023, we continued to implement our commercialization plan for Twirla, with the goal of establishing a growing position in the hormonal contraceptive market. We believe we can achieve this goal by focusing our growth strategy in the states with the highest Twirla reimbursement potential, which we estimate will allow us to reach approximately 45% of U.S. women between the ages of 18-24. We also believe we can grow Twirla by leveraging our partnerships in the retail and non-retail channels. For example, we believe we can increase uptake of Twirla in the United States by growing our telemedicine presence through new partnerships as well as through our existing partnership with Nurx® and by driving growth in the non-retail channels through our collaboration with Afaxys, which provides us access to some of the largest Planned Parenthood organizations in the country. In addition to growing Twirla, we also plan to continue pursuing opportunities to broaden our portfolio to address areas of unmet medical need in women’s health.

Our Strategy

Our near-term goal is to establish a growing franchise in the multi-billion-dollar U.S. hormonal contraceptive market built on approval of Twirla in the United States. Our resources are currently focused on the commercialization of Twirla. In 2024, we plan to explore additional partnerships that could potentially increase the sales reach for Twirla, supplement growth, and reduce operating expenses. We also expect to continue exploring possible expansion of our business more broadly through business development activities, such as acquiring access to new products through in-licensing, co-promotion or other collaborative and/or strategic arrangements.

Our current priorities are as follows:

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Twirla

Twirla is our first and only approved product. Twirla received FDA approval on February 14, 2020, as a method of contraception for use in women of reproductive potential with a body mass index (“BMI”) < 30 kg/m² for whom a combined hormonal contraceptive is appropriate, and was launched in December 2020. Based on the reduced efficacy seen with increasing BMI in a Phase 3 clinical trial, Twirla’s limitation of use instructs healthcare providers to consider Twirla’s reduced effectiveness in women with a BMI ≥ 25 to <30 kg/m² before prescribing. Twirla is contraindicated in women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² because, compared to women with a lower BMI, women in this group had reduced effectiveness and may have a higher risk for VTEs. Twirla’s label also includes the class-wide boxed warning, contraindications, and warnings and precautions applicable to all combined hormonal contraceptives, or CHCs.

Twirla is a prescription combined hormonal contraceptive patch that contains the active ingredients ethinyl estradiol, or EE, which is a synthetic estrogen, and levonorgestrel, or LNG, which is a type of progestin, both of which have an established history of efficacy and safety in currently marketed combination oral contraceptives. Twirla delivers 30 micrograms of EE per day, a dose of EE consistent with the dose delivered by many commonly prescribed oral contraceptives. Twirla is the only contraceptive patch that contains LNG, a widely prescribed progestin. Our Skinfusion technology allows Twirla to be the first approved patch capable of delivering a contraceptive dose of LNG across the skin. The patch is applied once weekly for three weeks, followed by a week without a patch. Twirla is packaged with three individually wrapped patches per carton to provide for one 28-day cycle of therapy.

Twirla’s approval is primarily based on safety and efficacy data from the Phase 3 SECURE trial. The SECURE trial was a new approach to clinical trials and was intentionally designed to include broad enrollment criteria and a patient population of women likely to use hormonal contraceptives. In this purposefully inclusive trial, efficacy and safety were evaluated in a diverse study population, one that is more representative of the demographics of women across the US likely to use hormonal contraception.

The SECURE trial was a multi-center, single-arm, open-label, 13-cycle trial that evaluated the safety, efficacy and tolerability of Twirla in 2,031 healthy women, aged 18 and over, at 102 experienced investigative sites across the United States. The trial was designed in consultation with the FDA, and incorporated a number of stringent trial design elements, including exclusion of treatment cycles not only for use of backup contraception but also for lack of sexual activity. SECURE had broad entry criteria, placed no limitations on body mass index, or BMI, or other demographic factors during enrollment, and enrolled a large and diverse population from the United States in order to allow for efficacy to be assessed across different groups. These entry criteria resulted in the inclusion of a substantial number of women with high BMIs, who have frequently been underrepresented in prior contraceptive studies. The efficacy measure for SECURE was the Pearl Index in an intent-to-treat population of subjects 35 years of age and under. The FDA also requested the inclusion of prespecified efficacy analyses related to BMI and body weight.

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As part of Twirla’s approval, and consistent with requirements for another recently approved CHC, the FDA is requiring us to conduct a long-term prospective, observational post-marketing study, or PMR, comparing the risks for VTE and ATE in new users of Twirla to new users of CHCs. In January 2023, the FDA agreed with our proposal to address this PMR using electronic health records (EHR) and insurance claims from a large database from multiple healthcare systems. The FDA also agreed to extend the study milestones. Under these new milestones, interim safety data reporting to the FDA is due in November 2029, and the final PMR study report is scheduled to be submitted to the FDA in November 2035. As part of Twirla’s approval, we also agreed to an FDA-requested post-marketing commitment, or PMC, study to assess the residual drug content and strength of Twirla in a minimum of 25 women. The PMC study is similar to residual drug studies requested of patch developers in the FDA’s November 2019 draft guidance entitled Transdermal and Topical Delivery Systems—Product Development and Quality Considerations. The PMC study was completed in the fourth quarter of 2021, and the study report was submitted to the FDA in June 2022. The FDA notified us in August 2023 that the PMC requirement was fulfilled. We continue to discuss the results of the PMC study with the FDA.

Contraceptive Landscape and Market Opportunity

U.S. Hormonal Contraceptive Market Background

Contraceptive methods, other than sterilization, can be divided into non-hormonal and hormonal alternatives. Examples of non-hormonal products available in the United States include the diaphragm, male condom, female condom, and non-hormonal intrauterine device, or IUD. Hormonal contraceptives containing both estrogen and a progestin are referred to as CHCs, and contraceptives containing only progestin are referred to as P-only. There are several categories of hormonal contraception products available in the United States, including:

The U.S. hormonal contraceptive market is a multi-billion-dollar market. Data from 2017 to 2019 from the Centers for Disease Control, or CDC, indicate that approximately 28% of women aged 15 to 49 use some form of hormonal contraception, which amounts to approximately 20 million U.S. women. The CHC portion of the market, which includes pills, three transdermal patches, including Twirla, and two vaginal rings, generates significantly greater prescription volume and sales compared to the P-only portion of the market, consisting of hormonal IUDs, injectables, implants, and P-only pills.

The U.S. hormonal contraceptive market is a mature market, with many branded and generic products available. For the past 5 years, sales revenue in the CHC market has been essentially flat at approximately $6 billion per year using gross sales. Total prescription volume, or TRx, declined from 2019 to 2023 by 29.7%, from 72.3 million to 50.8 million; however the number of cycles dispensed (1 cycle = 1 month supply) declined by only 15% over the same time period, as the average TRx size (cycles/TRx) grew from 1.5 to 1.8 over the same time period. Therefore, the value of a TRx has grown significantly over the past 5 years, particularly for branded products, where the average gross revenue per TRx increased from $266 in 2019 to $413 in 2023.

Despite the availability of generic contraceptives for over 30 years, branded products have maintained a significant, though declining, share of CHC sales, with 18% of sales in 2023. In the five years ended December 2023, the average

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annual price increase among the same branded products was 5.2%. The average price per cycle, referred to as the wholesale acquisition cost, or WAC, for a single 28-day cycle of these branded products was $162.83 in 2019 and rose to $182.10 in December 2023. The branded CHC transdermal patch (Ortho Evra) was discontinued in October 2014 and the branded generic CHC transdermal patches (Xulane and Zafemy) are both currently priced at $122.15 per cycle. Our current WAC price for Twirla is $204.57. The other non-oral form of CHC, the monthly vaginal ring, is currently priced at $162.63 per cycle for the branded version, Nuvaring, and $138.24, $140.52, and $103.82 for generic versions; Annovera^®, another monthly vaginal ring, is currently priced at $2,305.28 per unit (each unit is intended for twelve months of use). We cannot predict how the manufacturers of branded or generic products will manage prices going forward.

The U.S. contraceptive population (defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as women aged 15-49) is currently approximately 76 million women and is estimated to grow to nearly 80 million by 2035.

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Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020 National Dataset (2021 is base population estimate for projections).

Contraceptive Pills

Based on 2017 to 2019 data from the CDC, of women who choose to use a hormonal contraceptive, approximately 55% use a contraceptive pill, vaginal ring or patch, the majority of whom use the contraceptive pill. The remaining 45% of women using hormonal contraception are split between using injectables, implants, or IUDs. Based on this information, we believe that contraceptive pills are the most popular choice because:

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However, compliance remains a significant draw-back with pills. Published studies have shown that the average woman who uses oral contraceptives misses approximately two to four pills per month, which increases the potential for unintended pregnancies. We believe that a patch can offer greater convenience than a pill, as it does not require daily administration and, for certain women, could lead to greater compliance and ease of use.

Contraceptive Patch Market Experience

The Ortho Evra^® contraceptive patch, or Evra, was introduced in early 2002 and was the first FDA-approved contraceptive patch. The initial approved labeling for Evra indicated that it delivered a daily EE dose of 20 micrograms. Evra had rapid uptake in the hormonal contraceptive market and achieved a 10% share of the CHC market by September 2003. Following FDA approval of Evra, users of Evra began to report thrombotic and thromboembolic events to the FDA. Johnson & Johnson, the manufacturer of Evra, revised the Evra labeling in November 2005 to include information that EE exposure with Evra is 60% higher than that of an oral contraceptive containing EE of 35 micrograms, based on area under the curve, a commonly-used metric for measuring EE exposure in contraceptives. This information was ultimately included in an addition to the boxed warning that was unique to the Evra label. In 2020, the Xulane label was revised to reflect a contraindication in women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² because of the reduced efficacy and increased potential risk for VTEs in this population. In making this revision, the information about increased estrogen exposure was removed from the boxed warning but remains in the warnings and precautions and pharmacokinetics sections of the label. The Evra market share declined rapidly following the 2005 labeling changes, from a peak share of 11% in 2005, to 4% by the end of 2006, to 1.4% by the end of 2013, where it stabilized, with a 1.5% share of the market based on combined prescriptions for Evra and its generic equivalent (Xulane^®) in 2014. In more recent years, the Xulane share of the CHC market TRx has grown, from a 2.4% share in 2019 to a 2.7% share in 2023. Zafemy, a second generic of Ortho Evra launched in 2021, had a market share of 1.0% in 2023.

The FDA has maintained, in spite of the wording in the labeling for Evra, which has been discontinued, and its approved branded generic, that none of the epidemiologic studies provides a definitive answer regarding the relative risk of VTE with Evra compared to combined oral contraceptive use or whether the increased risk that some studies demonstrated is directly attributable to Evra. In spite of the labeling changes, and Johnson & Johnson ceasing promotion of Evra in 2007, the generic equivalent of Evra (Xulane) generated estimated gross sales of $243 million in 2023. On February 26, 2021, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that it had received approval by the FDA for Zafemy, a generic version of Ortho Evra. Zafemy generated estimated gross sales of $144 million in 2022.

Twirla is the only transdermal contraceptive option currently available to women that delivers a low dose of estrogen. We believe that the rapid uptake and acceptance of Evra upon its introduction and its (and Xulane’s) continued sales over the past several years demonstrate a market opportunity for multiple choices in transdermal contraceptive patches.

Twirla Potential Market Share

Three of our market research studies have included an allocation exercise to estimate the potential uptake of Twirla and peak market share. In all of these studies, ObGyns and nurse practitioners, or NPs, indicated their allocation of contraceptive prescriptions before and after reviewing a product profile like Twirla that reflects the safety and efficacy results from our SECURE clinical trial. In the 2010 study, which was conducted prior to the implementation of the ACA, ObGyns estimated use of a product like Twirla in 17% of their CHC patients. A proprietary calibration model developed by the research firm was applied to the peak share estimate, to adjust for physician overstatement, resulting in an estimated peak market share of 9% of the CHC market. In the study completed in December 2016, ObGyns, NPs, and physicians’ assistants, or PAs, estimated use of Twirla in 22% of their CHC patients, which was also calibrated to adjust for overstatement, resulting in an estimated peak market share of 14% of the CHC market. This estimate was confirmed in our most recent study completed in September of 2019, in which ObGyns and NPs/PAs estimated use of Twirla in 20% of their CHC patients, calibrated to 14% of the CHC market.

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We continue to evaluate the commercial opportunity for Twirla. We believe that the potential new CHC users who are within Twirla’s approved indication represent a significant population of women. Based on our market research, analysis of the current and expected future U.S. hormonal contraceptive market, and review of other product launches in the category, we estimate that Twirla can potentially achieve a peak market share of 5-8%. We believe that the ability of Twirla to achieve this potential peak market share will require a substantial level of investment in promotional activities supporting the marketing and sales of Twirla throughout the United States.

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As we pursue the commercialization of Twirla, we will continue to analyze the CHC contraceptive market and update our market research for Twirla.

Twirla Commercialization Strategy

Our top priority is the successful commercialization of Twirla. Promptly after approval by the FDA in February 2020, we began implementation of our plan to market Twirla. Our plan is focused on promoting Twirla in the states with the highest Twirla reimbursement potential, which we estimate will allow us to reach approximately 45% of U.S. women between the ages of 18-24. During 2023 we concentrated our marketing efforts on increasing both patient awareness and access through digital advertising to consumers in our target market and strategic partnering, while at the same time reducing marketing activities during strategic timeframes to conserve cash. We also focused on increasing patient access to Twirla across different channels, including specialty pharmacy as well as through continuing our eVoucher programs at the pharmacy level, growing our relationship with Afaxys GPO, and growing our relationship with Nurx, a leader in female-focused telehealth. In 2024, we intend to continue implementation of our commercial strategy for Twirla with an emphasis on leveraging our strategic partners and expanding market access through multiple business channels, including third-party payor contracts, retail and specialty pharmacies, additional telemedicine presence, and government contracts. We also plan to continue to engage with third-party payors and insurers to seek expanded access and re-imbursement coverage of Twirla.

Twirla Promotion Strategy

We have a limited number of sales and marketing employees and primarily rely on third-party partners with experience in commercializing pharmaceutical products to advance the commercialization of Twirla. Our marketing efforts are primarily focused on ObGyns in the United States, and we plan to continue using a significant number of samples to gain patient trial and acceptance. We believe that we can continue to implement a national promotional strategy with a focused marketing and sales force presence in five key markets – California, New York, Texas, Florida, and Illinois – enabling us to address approximately 46% of our patient and prescriber targets. In areas of the country where it is not efficient to deploy a sales representative or where offices are closed to sales representatives, virtual promotion will be used to reach prescribers. We plan to complement these efforts by expanding the channels we utilize to drive awareness of Twirla and will focus on promotion with key prescribers and customer groups, including consumers and commercial managed care plans.

In 2024, we plan to further leverage cost-effective and focused promotion to reach our target demographic of females ages 18 to 24 years, who tend to engage in online activities to a high degree and are more likely to seek health information online and through social networks, subject to available funding. Marketing tactics aimed at today’s female consumer need to be optimized for mobile technology because smartphones and text messaging are the preferred means of communication. We believe that a consumer promotion plan that uses digital media, social media advertising, video and other mass-market advertising vehicles will generate consumer awareness and demand for Twirla.

Twirla Coverage and Reimbursement Strategy

After approval of Twirla by the FDA, we began meeting with formulary decision makers as appropriate to secure positions for Twirla that minimize access barriers for prescribers and patients, and since then we estimate that we have been able to achieve access for approximately fifty-five to sixty percent (55-60%) of the estimated covered lives by commercial third-party payors. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for pharmaceutical products. The United States government and other third-party payors are increasingly limiting both coverage and level of reimbursement for new drugs, in addition to questioning their safety and efficacy. In this challenging environment, we

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plan to continue our efforts to expand formulary access to Twirla through contracting strategies and engaging with formulary boards on the clinical profile of Twirla. We believe that it is important in this category for women to have equal access to all methods, dosing regimens and hormonal options so that they and their provider can select the choice that is the most appropriate to meet their lifestyle and family planning goals.

Our Pipeline: Twirla Line Extensions and Potential Product Candidates

Twirla is our first and only approved product, and, to date, substantially all of our resources have been committed to obtaining approval of Twirla and initiating our commercialization of Twirla. While seeking approval of Twirla and preparing for commercial launch, we paused all work on our pipeline. We have initiated a full evaluation of our pipeline to establish a plan to advance the development of Twirla line extensions and other potential product candidates.

Our potential product pipeline consists of two types of product candidates: a progestin-only (P-only) contraceptive patch and potential Twirla line extensions. These potential product candidates are designed to address market needs and offer additional non-daily contraceptive options. Though all product development activities have currently been put on hold, we expect that developing our P-only patch will be our first priority when we resume development activities.

Our primary potential product candidate is a progestin-only (P-only) contraceptive patch, or P-Patch, and is intended for use by women of reproductive potential to prevent pregnancy. The intended population for the P-Patch would be women who are unable or unwilling to take estrogen, including those who are breastfeeding or who are at greater risk of VTE, such as women who smoke, are over 35 years of age, or who have a BMI greater than 30 kg/m² (criteria for obesity). Currently, the P-only market consists of pills and several non-oral options, including intrauterine systems (IUS)/intrauterine devices (IUDs), implants, and injections. We believe there is a need for a P-only option in a convenient, non-daily, user-controlled method, especially as the population of women with obesity increases in the United States. We have completed formulation selection and conducted early pre-clinical work on our P-only patch. Additional formulation development work and dose selection is required, along with additional studies to optimize the formulation and determine the optimal dose to advance to Phase 3. We continue to explore our plan to develop this program and are considering all of our potential pathways, including a co-development and co-funding partnership to advance this program into the clinic.

In addition to our P-Patch, we have the ability to develop potential Twirla line extensions. The hormonal contraceptive market has a long history of manufacturers successfully using line extensions to extend the lifecycle of a brand, often by gaining additional exclusivity periods for the product extension under the provisions of the Hatch-Waxman Act and/or with additional patents. Our lifecycle strategy with Twirla may include introducing line extensions that will have exclusivity for some time period, either due to our intellectual property estate, or due to Hatch-Waxman exclusivity. These regimens are protected by patents issued to us in 2015 and include the following:

We do not expect to be required to conduct preclinical toxicology studies for any of these potential product candidates. Based upon a number of factors, including, but not limited to, our available capital resources and feedback

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from the FDA, we continue to review the clinical path and the budgetary requirements for each of our potential product candidates.

Competition

The industry for contraceptive products is characterized by intense competition and strong promotion of proprietary products. We face potential competition from many different sources, including large pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies, and medical device companies. Any product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize will compete with existing products and new products that may become available in the future.

We face competition from a variety of non-permanent birth control products across method categories. There are non-hormonal barrier methods, such as the contraceptive sponge, diaphragm, cervical cap or shield and condoms. Then, there are hormonal methods, which is the category for Twirla and our potential product candidates. Within the hormonal category, there are various methods of contraception, such as oral contraceptives, injections, implants, hormonal IUDs, vaginal rings, and transdermal contraceptive products. Each of the methods carries different efficacy and side effect profiles, which are important to providers and patients when making a contraceptive decision.

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The following table is the FDA Birth Control Chart, which outlines the 18 unique forms of birth control and compares the effectiveness of each method.

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Our potential competitors include large, well-established pharmaceutical companies, and specialty pharmaceutical sales and marketing companies. The branded products with established market presence include Nuvaring^®, marketed by Organon, and Annovera^®, marketed in the U.S. by Mayne Pharmaceuticals, the Loestrin^® franchise, marketed by Allergan (formerly known as Actavis), consisting of three oral contraceptives, Minastrin^® 24, LoLoestrin^® and Taytulla^®, and Beyaz^®, Yaz^®, Yasmin^® and Natazia^® marketed by Bayer. Xulane^®, a branded generic to Ortho Evra, generated an estimated $243 million in gross sales for Viatris in 2023. On February 26, 2021, Amneal Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that it had received approval by the FDA for Zafemy™, a second generic version of Ortho Evra. Zafemy had estimated gross sales of $144 million in 2023. Additionally, several generics manufacturers currently market and continue to introduce new generic contraceptives, including Sandoz, Glenmark, Lupin, Amneal, Mylan, Aurobindo, and Xiromed. Based on the market experience of other non-oral CHC dosage forms, including Evra and Nuvaring, we believe there is a continuing demand for an innovative transdermal contraceptive patch that can provide convenience in a low-dose transdermal format.

There are several other contraceptive products that are more recently approved and a limited number in development, which we are aware of that may compete with Twirla and our other potential product candidates. Phexxi^®, a prescription non-hormonal vaginal gel approved for use as an on-demand contraceptive, was developed by Evofem and launched in August of 2020. Nextstellis^®, a combined oral contraceptive containing drosperinone and a new form of estrogen, estetrol (E4), was developed by Mithra Pharmaceuticals and is licensed to Mayne Pharmaceuticals for marketing in the U.S. and Australia. Mayne fielded a women’s health team in the U.S. and launched Nextstellis in June of 2021. The Population Council has a transdermal gel contraceptive and a vaginal ring contraceptive, both containing segesterone acetate (the same progestin contained in Annovera) and ethinyl estradiol in Phase 2 development. Bayer has an IUD containing both LNG and an NSAID (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory), to reduce pain upon insertion in Phase 2. Bayer also signed a license agreement in January of 2020 with Dare Bioscience for U.S. commercial rights to Ovaprene, a hormone-free monthly contraceptive vaginal ring, which is in Phase 2 development.

We are aware of one other CHC transdermal patch in development in the United States. In October 2021, Mylan Technologies, Inc. started a Phase 3 clinical trial studying the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, safety and tolerability of a CHC patch containing the same active ingredients as Xulane. The investigational patch contains the same amount of norelgestromin and a lower quantity of EE as Xulane. According to information posted on clinicaltrials.gov, the study is estimated to be completed in January 2025. After that time, the sponsor could submit a new drug application. If approved by the FDA, this transdermal contraceptive patch may directly compete with Twirla.

Manufacturing

We do not own any manufacturing facilities and rely on Corium for all aspects of the manufacturing of Twirla. In October 2022, Corium separated into two companies, Corium, Inc., a neurosciences commercialization company, and Corium Pharma Solutions, Inc., a contract development and manufacturing organization (the “Corium Reorganization”). In June 2023, Corium Pharma Solutions, Inc. changed its name to Corium Innovations, Inc., which we refer to as Corium. We, along with Corium, have made a significant investment in a proprietary process to manufacture Twirla. We believe we have a robust process to reliably manufacture Twirla on a commercial scale. We believe that the technical challenges and know how involved in manufacturing, including proprietary chemistry, production to scale and use of custom equipment, present significant barriers to entry for other pharmaceutical companies who might potentially want to replicate our Skinfusion technology.

Strategic Agreements

Agreement with Corium

In April 2020, we entered into a Manufacturing and Commercialization agreement with Corium, which we refer to as the Corium Agreement, and which replaced our previous development agreement. Corium continues to operate under the Corium Agreement after the Corium Reorganization. Pursuant to the Corium Agreement, Corium will manufacture and supply all of our product requirements for Twirla at certain specified rates. Under the terms of the Corium Agreement, Corium is to be the exclusive supplier of Twirla for ten years. The Corium Agreement included a quarterly minimum purchase commitment and a fixed price per unit for two years from December 2020, the date of the first

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commercial batch purchase order invoice, depending on annual purchase volume. During 2021, we did not meet all of our minimum quantity purchases from Corium, and as a result, paid penalties as required by our agreement with Corium. On July 25, 2022, we, along with Corium, amended the Corium Agreement to restructure the minimums applicable to the purchase of manufactured Twirla and to extend the term of the Corium Agreement until December 31, 2033. Pursuant to the amended Corium Agreement, the parties agreed to transfer ownership of certain manufacturing equipment used in the manufacture of Twirla from us to Corium under a Bill of Sale dated July 25, 2022.

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The Corium Agreement terminates automatically on December 31, 2033, but may be terminated for any reason upon the written mutual agreement of both parties; provided, however, that the parties must confer in good faith regarding possible mutual termination. In the event of such termination, we may still affect purchase orders after the notice of termination is given and until the time any such termination becomes effective. As of December 31, 2023, the minimum amount committed totals $225.0 million for the ten-year period from 2024 through 2033.

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Agreement with Syneos Selling Solutions

In April 2020, we entered into a project agreement with inVentiv Commercial Services, LLC, or inVentiv, a Syneos Health Group Company, which we refer to as the Syneos Agreement, under our Master Services Agreement with inVentiv. Pursuant to the Syneos Agreement, inVentiv, through its affiliate Syneos Selling Solutions, will provide a field force of sales representatives to provide certain detailing services, sales operation services, compliance services and training services with respect to Twirla to us in exchange for an up-front implementation fee and a fixed monthly fee. Effective February 1, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Syneos Agreement that extended the term until August 23, 2024. At that time, the Syneos Agreement will terminate automatically unless extended upon the mutual written agreement of the parties. We may terminate the Syneos Agreement for any reason upon timely written notice without incurring a termination fee. As of December 31, 2023, the minimum amount committed totals $2.4 million.

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Pricing and Reimbursement

In the United States, decisions regarding the extent of coverage and the amount of reimbursement to be provided for pharmaceutical products are made on a payor-by-payor basis. The principal decisions about reimbursement for new medicines by the U.S. Government are typically made by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. As a result, coverage determinations often involve a time-consuming and costly process that require companies to provide scientific and clinical support for the use of approved products to multiple stakeholders which may include Group Purchasing Organizations (GPO’s), Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBM’s), individual payer health plans, as well as government payors and federal purchasers including CMS, the Veterans Administration, Department of Defense and state Medicaid managed and Fee For Service plans, with no assurance on the level of coverage or that adequate reimbursement will be obtained. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for pharmaceutical products.

In the United States, third-party payors include federal health care programs, such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, and Veterans Health Administration programs, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Several of the U.S. federal health care programs require that drug manufacturers extend discounts or pay rebates to certain programs in order for their products to be covered and reimbursed. For example, the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of covered outpatient drugs to enter into and have in effect a national rebate agreement with the federal government as a condition for coverage of the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drug(s) by state Medicaid programs. The amount of the rebate for each product is based on a statutory formula and may be subject to an additional discount if certain pricing increases more than inflation. State Medicaid programs and Medicaid managed care plans can seek additional “supplemental” rebates from manufacturers in connection with states’ establishment of preferred drug lists. A further requirement for Medicaid coverage is that the manufacturer enter into a Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, agreement with the Secretary for Veterans Affairs to extend discounted pricing to the VA, DOD and other agencies.

Similarly, in order for a covered outpatient drug to receive federal reimbursement under the Medicaid programs or to be sold directly to U.S. government agencies, the manufacturer must extend discounts on the covered outpatient drug to entities that are enrolled and participating in the 340B drug pricing program, which is a federal program that requires

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manufacturers to provide discounts to certain statutorily-defined safety-net providers. The 340B discount for each product is calculated based on certain Medicaid Drug Rebate Program metrics that manufacturers are required to report to CMS.

There has been recent negative publicity and increasing legislative and public scrutiny around pharmaceutical drug pricing in the U.S. Moreover, U.S. government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate drug prices and reimbursement. These dynamics may give rise to heightened attention and potential negative reactions to pricing decisions for Twirla and products for which we may receive regulatory approval in the future, possibly limiting our ability to generate revenue and attain profitability.

The United States government and other third-party payors are increasingly limiting both coverage and level of reimbursement for new drugs, in addition to questioning their safety, efficacy and clinical value. Consolidation among managed care entities has increased the negotiating power of these entities. Third-party payors increasingly use closed formularies, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication, to control costs by negotiating discounted prices in exchange for formulary inclusion. Third-party payors have traditionally used differential co-pays to attempt to drive patients to use either generic products or products for which they have a contract with the manufacturer.

Reimbursement for female contraceptive products was changed by the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), which was signed into law on March 23, 2010, and further updated on March 30, 2010 to become the Affordable Care Act (ACA). On January 20, 2012, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services announced a final rule on health insurance coverage that provided for no cost sharing for FDA-approved contraceptives and contraceptive services for women of reproductive age if prescribed by health care providers, as part of women's preventive health services guidelines adopted by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) for the ACA. The final rule applied to all new health insurance plans in all states beginning August 1, 2012.

On May 11, 2015, The Departments of Labor and Health and Human Services and the Treasury (the “Departments”) issued an FAQ (“2015 FAQ”) clarifying that plans and issuers must cover without cost sharing at least one form of contraception in each of the methods (currently 18) identified for women by the FDA. The 2015 FAQ further clarified that to the extent plans and issuers use reasonable medical management techniques within a specified method of contraception, plans and issuers must have an easily accessible, transparent, and sufficiently expedient exceptions process that is not unduly burdensome on the individual or provider (or other individual acting as a patient's authorized representative, including a provider) to ensure coverage without cost sharing of any service or FDA-approved item within the specified method of contraception. The 2015 FAQ also stated that if an individual’s attending provider recommends a particular service or FDA-approved item based on a determination of medical necessity with respect to that individual, the plan or issuer must cover that service or item without cost sharing. The 2015 FAQ makes clear that a plan or issuer must defer to the determination of the attending provider. Medical necessity may include considerations such as severity of side effects, differences in permanence and reversibility of contraceptives, and ability to adhere to the appropriate use of the item or service, as determined by the attending provider.

On January 10^th, 2022, the Departments released a set of “Frequently Asked Questions” (“2022 FAQ”) which affirmed that under the ACA’s women’s preventives services, plans cannot limit their coverage of contraceptives. The Departments issued the 2022 FAQ in response to complaints and public reports of potential violations of the contraceptive coverage requirement. The 2022 FAQ makes clear that all FDA-approved cleared, or granted contraceptive products that are determined by an individual’s medical provider to be medically appropriate for such individual must be covered without-cost sharing, whether or not specifically identified in the current FDA Birth Control Guide. Outlined under Coverage of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved Contraceptives, the 2022 FAQ notes that on February 20, 2013, The Departments issued an FAQ stating that the HRSA Guidelines must ensure women's access to the full range of FDA-approved contraceptive methods including, but not limited to, barrier methods, hormonal methods, and implanted devices, as well as patient education and counseling, as prescribed by a health care provider. The FAQ further clarified that plans and issuers may use reasonable medical management techniques to control costs and promote efficient delivery of care, such as covering a generic drug without cost sharing and imposing cost sharing for equivalent branded drugs. However, in these instances, the FAQ stated that a plan or issuer must accommodate any individual for whom a particular drug (generic or brand name) would be medically inappropriate, as determined by the individual’s

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health care provider, by having a mechanism for waiving the otherwise applicable cost sharing for the brand or non-preferred brand version.

The 2022 FAQ noted that plans and issuers subject to these requirements are reminded of their responsibility to fully comply with the requirements under PHS Act section 2713 and the HRSA Guidelines, as interpreted in The Departments’ implementing regulations and guidance, including the requirement that, if an individual and their attending provider determine that a particular service or FDA-approved, cleared or granted contraceptive product is medically appropriate for the individual (whether or not the item or service is identified in the current FDA Birth Control Guide), the plan or issuer must cover that service or product without cost sharing.

On June 3, 2023, President Biden issued an Executive Order directing the Secretaries of Health and Human Services, Labor and Treasury to consider actions, to the greatest extent permitted by law, to ensure coverage of comprehensive contraceptive care including all contraceptives approved, granted, or cleared by the Food and Drug Administration, without cost sharing for enrollees, participants, and beneficiaries.

The Departments published additional guidance on January 22, 2024, outlining a new pathway for plans and issuers to meet existing obligations under federal law by covering, at no cost, a broader range of FDA-approved contraceptive drugs and certain devices. The Departments described how plans may comply with the ACA requirement to cover contraception without cost sharing by covering all FDA-approved drugs and drug-led devices other than those for which there is a covered therapeutic equivalent as identified in the Orange Book. If a therapeutic equivalent exists, a plan may choose to cover only one therapeutically equivalent product, so long as it maintains an acceptable exceptions process in the case that a patient needs a specific product that is considered a therapeutic equivalent.

In conjunction with the release of the new guidance, the Secretary of Health and Human Services sent a letter to health plans and insurers highlighting the issuance of the updated guidance that ensures compliance with the ACA’s requirement to cover contraception without cost-sharing. In his letter he noted, “In addition to this new guidance, and as we have previously made clear, we will continue to call on group health plan sponsors and issuers to remove impermissible barriers and ensure individuals in your plans have access to the contraceptive coverage they need, as required under the law.”

It is difficult to determine the full effect of the ACA or any other healthcare reform efforts on our business. Presidential administrations can, and have, issued Executive Orders directing federal agencies on how to implement the ACA. Congress also could consider subsequent legislation to repeal and replace elements of the ACA. Additionally, in October 2017, the Department of Health and Human Services, jointly with the Department of Labor and the Treasury, issued two interim final rules outlining exemption processes for employers not wanting to offer contraceptive coverage based on their religious beliefs or sincerely held moral convictions. In January 2023, the Biden administration proposed rules that would remove the moral exemption and retain the existing religious exemption.

Before the ACA was passed, many states had enacted contraceptive equity laws that required plans to treat contraceptives in the same way they covered other services. In addition, since the ACA was passed, a number of states have enacted laws that basically codify in state legislation the ACA benefit rules (requiring all plans regulated by the state to cover, without cost-sharing, each of the 18 FDA-approved contraceptive methods and in some cases have gone further and required coverage of all FDA approved contraceptives). Federal law applies to all plans while state law applies to only individual plans and fully-insured group plans. Currently, 30 states and the District of Columbia require insurance plans to cover contraceptives, with a wide range of coverage and cost-sharing requirements, and exemptions among these mandates. We continue to monitor healthcare reform efforts and agency implementation as well as state contraceptive legislation.

Government Regulation

Government authorities in the United States, at the federal, state and local level, and in other countries extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacturing, packaging, storage, recordkeeping, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, marketing, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. The

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processes for obtaining regulatory approvals in the United States and in foreign countries, along with subsequent compliance with applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

FDA Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, and its implementing regulations. The FDA has also issued many guidance documents, which outline its interpretation of its governing laws and regulations. Over the last year, FDA has continued to issue new guidances, which are continually evolving, to assist companies navigating regulatory requirements affecting their products.

The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical hold or termination of trials, issuance of Warning, Untitled, or Cyber Letters, requests for product recalls, product seizures or detention, operating restrictions such as the total or partial suspension or restriction of production, marketing or distribution, injunctions, fines, debarment, refusal to allow the import or export of product, adverse publicity, modification of promotional materials or labeling, refusals of government contracts, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, restitution, disgorgement, imprisonment, consent decrees and corporate integrity agreements, or civil or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the following:

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Preclinical Studies and IND Submission

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluations of drug substance chemistry, pharmacology, toxicity and drug product formulation, as well as animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests and preclinical literature, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, proposed clinical protocols, and any available clinical data or literature, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND, unless the sponsor is relying on prior FDA findings of safety or efficacy of the drug product, in which case, some of the above information may be omitted. Some preclinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on a clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of an investigational new drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with cGCP requirements, which include the requirements that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial, and the review and approval of the study by an IRB. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the trial procedures, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the efficacy criteria to be evaluated and a statistical analysis plan. A protocol for each clinical trial and any subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Sponsors will also be required to provide FDA with diversity plans in order to improve clinical trial representation. In addition, an IRB for each clinical trial site participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial before it commences, and the IRB must continue to oversee the clinical trial while it is being conducted, including any changes.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined. In Phase 1, the drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or subjects with the target disease or condition and tested for safety, dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion and, if possible, to gain an initial indication of its effectiveness. In Phase 2, the drug typically is administered through controlled studies to a limited subject population with the target disease or condition to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the drug for specific targeted diseases or conditions and to determine dosage tolerance and optimal dosage. In Phase 3, the drug is administered to an expanded subject population, generally at geographically dispersed clinical trial sites, in two adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to generate enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product candidate for approval, to establish the overall risk-benefit profile of the product candidate and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the product candidate. In the case of a 505(b)(2) NDA, which is a marketing application in which sponsors may rely on investigations that were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted, some of the above-described studies and preclinical studies may not be required or may be abbreviated. Bridging studies may be needed, however, to demonstrate the applicability of the studies that were previously conducted by other sponsors to the drug that is the subject of the marketing application. In addition to the above traditional kinds of data required for the approval of an NDA, the 21st Century Cures Act and other statutes provides for FDA acceptance of additional kinds of data such as patient experience data, real world evidence for already approved products, and, for appropriate indications sought through supplemental marketing applications, data summaries.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act, or PREA, an NDA or supplement to an NDA for a new active ingredient, indication, dosage form, dosage regimen or route of administration must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and efficacy of the drug for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements.

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The manufacture of investigational drugs for the conduct of human clinical trials is subject to FDA product manufacturing requirements. Investigational drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients imported into the United States are also subject to regulation by the FDA relating to their labeling and distribution. Further, the export of investigational drug products outside of the United States is subject to regulatory requirements of the receiving country as well as U.S. export requirements under the FDCA. Noncompliance with the applicable manufacturing requirements may also require costly corrective and preventative actions.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials must be submitted at least annually to the FDA and the IRB and more frequently if serious adverse events occur. Information about certain clinical trials, including a description of the study and study results, must be submitted within specific timeframes to the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, for public dissemination on their ClinicalTrials.gov website. Failure to submit the required information to ClinicalTrials.gov can result in monetary penalties. Marketing application applicants must also report certain investigator financial interests to the FDA.

Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, or at all. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to subjects. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group regularly reviews accumulated data and advises the study sponsor regarding the continuing safety of trial subjects, potential trial subjects, and the continuing validity and scientific merit of the clinical trial. We may also suspend or terminate a clinical trial based on evolving business objectives or competitive climate.

U.S. Marketing Approval

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical and clinical studies, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial application user fee. These user fees must be filed at the time of the first submission of the application, even if the application is being submitted on a rolling basis. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has agreed to certain performance goals regarding the timing of its review of an application. The FDA’s standard review goal is to act on 90% of all Non-New Molecular Entity applications within ten months of FDA receipt of the application. This time period may be extended by the FDA should an applicant submit new information to the agency during the course of the FDA’s review of the marketing application. The time period is also only a goal and may not be met by the FDA.

The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all original NDAs within the first 60 days after submission, before accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be submitted again with the additional information and is also subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing.

Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held, as well as the manufacturing processes and controls, meet standards designed to ensure the product’s continued safety, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer a marketing application to an external advisory committee for questions pertaining to issues such as clinical trial design, safety and efficacy, and public health questions. An advisory committee is a panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by

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the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it typically follows such recommendations and considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA will inspect or conduct a remote regulatory assessment of the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured, referred to as a Pre-Approval Inspection. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with the FDA’s requirements for product manufacturing and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications by the manufacturer and all of its subcontractors and contract manufacturers. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect or conduct remote regulatory assessments for one or more clinical trial sites to assure compliance with cGCP. Also, as part of its regulatory review, the FDA verifies the data contained in the NDA.

The testing and approval process for a drug product requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and may take several years to complete. Data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing are not always conclusive and may be susceptible to varying interpretations, which could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval. The FDA may not grant approval of a marketing application on a timely basis, or at all.

After evaluating the NDA and all related information, including the advisory committee recommendation, if any, and inspection or remote regulatory assessment reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an approval letter, or, in some cases, a Complete Response Letter, or a CRL. A CRL indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete, and the application is not ready for approval. A CRL generally contains a statement of specific conditions that must be met in order to secure final approval of the drug product and may require additional clinical or preclinical testing, or other information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If an application receives a CRL, the applicant may resubmit the application, addressing all of the FDA-cited deficiencies, withdraw the application, or request the opportunity for a hearing. Resubmitted applications may also be subject to FDA inspection or remote regulatory assessment of clinical and manufacturing sites, as well as review by FDA advisory committees. Following its review of a resubmitted NDA, the FDA may issue an approval letter or another CRL.

Even if an applicant resubmits with the required additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when those conditions have been met to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA may issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications.

Even if the FDA approves a product candidate, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product candidate and require that contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, including a boxed warning. The FDA also may not approve the inclusion of labeling claims necessary for successful marketing. Moreover, the FDA may require that post-approval studies, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and trials to ensure that population representative data is collected, be conducted to further assess certain aspects of a drug’s safety and efficacy after approval, require testing and surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including distribution restrictions or other risk management mechanisms. For example, the FDA may require a REMS as a condition of approval or following approval to mitigate any identified or suspected serious risks and ensure safe use of the drug. The REMS plan could include a medication guide, a physician communication plan, an assessment plan, and elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries or other risk minimization tools. A REMS could materially affect the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After approval, some types of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes, and additional labeling claims, are subject to further testing requirements, submission of a supplemental application, and FDA review and approval. Further, should new safety information arise, additional testing, product labeling or FDA notification may be required. The FDA may also request – rather than require – change to a product’s labeling based upon new information not implicating safety that arises after approval.

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Hatch-Waxman Act

Section 505 of the FDCA describes three types of marketing applications that may be submitted to the FDA to request marketing authorization for a new drug. A Section 505(b)(1) NDA is an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and efficacy. A 505(b)(2) NDA is an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and efficacy, but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from investigations that were not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference or use from the person by or for whom the investigations were conducted. This regulatory pathway enables the applicant to rely, in part, on the FDA’s prior findings of safety and efficacy for an existing product, or published literature, in support of its application. Section 505(j) establishes an abbreviated approval process for a generic version of an approved drug product through the submission of an Abbreviated New Drug Application, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a generic drug product that has the same active ingredients, dosage form, strength, route of administration, labeling, performance characteristics and intended use, among other things, to a previously approved product. ANDAs are termed “abbreviated” because they are generally not required to include preclinical (animal) and clinical (human) data to establish safety and efficacy. Instead, generic applicants must scientifically demonstrate that their product is bioequivalent to, or performs in the same manner as, the innovator drug through in vitro, in vivo, or other testing. The generic version must deliver the same amount of active ingredients into a subject’s bloodstream in the same amount of time as the innovator drug and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the reference listed drug. In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent with claims that cover the applicant’s drug or a method of using the drug. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations publication, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA. In an effort to clarify which patents must be listed in the Orange Book, in January 2021, Congress passed the Orange Book Transparency Act of 2020, which largely codifies FDA’s existing practices into the FDCA. Listing patents in the Orange Book that do not qualify for listing can be considered to be anticompetitive conduct and, in 2023, the Federal Trade Commission sent letters to a number of companies with respect to certain patents that agency asserted were improperly listed or inaccurate.

Upon submission of an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) NDA, an applicant must certify to the FDA that: (1) no patent information on the drug product that is the subject of the application has been submitted to the FDA; (2) such patent has expired; (3) the date on which such patent expires; or (4) such patent is invalid or will not be infringed upon by the manufacture, use or sale of the drug product for which the application is submitted. The applicant may also elect to submit a statement certifying that its proposed label does not contain (or carves out) language regarding the patented method-of-use rather than certify a listed method-of-use patent. Generally, the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA cannot be approved until all listed patents have expired, except where the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant challenges a listed patent through the last type of certification, also known as a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents or indicate that it is not seeking approval of a patented method of use, the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA application will not be approved until all of the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.

If the ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders within a specified timeframe. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. If the Paragraph IV certification is challenged by an NDA holder or the patent owner(s) asserts a patent challenge to the Paragraph IV certification, the FDA may not make an approval effective until the earlier of 30 months from the receipt of the notice of the Paragraph IV certification, the expiration of the patent, when the infringement case concerning each such patent was favorably decided in the applicant’s favor or settled, or such shorter or longer period as may be ordered by a court. This prohibition is generally referred to as the 30-month stay. In instances where an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA applicant files a Paragraph IV certification, the NDA holder or patent owner(s) regularly take action to trigger the 30-month stay, recognizing that the related patent litigation may take many months or years to resolve. Thus, approval of an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA could be delayed for a significant period of time depending on the patent certification the applicant makes and the reference drug sponsor’s decision to initiate patent litigation.

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The Hatch-Waxman Act establishes periods of regulatory exclusivity for certain approved drug products, during which the FDA cannot approve (or in some cases accept) an ANDA or 505(b)(2) application that relies on the branded reference drug. For example, the holder of an NDA, including a 505(b)(2) NDA, may obtain five years of exclusivity upon approval of a new drug containing new chemical entities, or NCEs, that have not been previously approved by the FDA. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company that contains the previously approved active moiety. However, an ANDA or 505(b)(2) NDA may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement.

The Hatch-Waxman Act also provides three years of marketing exclusivity to the holder of an NDA (including a 505(b)(2) NDA) for a particular condition of approval, or change to a marketed product, such as a new formulation for a previously approved product, if one or more new clinical studies (other than bioavailability or bioequivalence studies) was essential to the approval of the application and was conducted/sponsored by the applicant. This three-year exclusivity period protects against the FDA making an ANDA and 505(b)(2) NDA approval effective for the condition of the new drug’s approval. As a general matter, the three-year exclusivity does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs or 505(b)(2) NDAs for generic versions of the original, unmodified drug product. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA; however, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

Our NDA for Twirla was submitted under Section 505(b)(2), and we expect that some of our other drug candidates will utilize the Section 505(b)(2) regulatory pathway. Even though several of our drug products utilize active drug ingredients that are commercially marketed in the United States in other dosage forms, we need to establish the safety and efficacy of those active ingredients in the formulation and dosage forms that we are developing. All approved products, both innovator and generic, are listed in the FDA’s Orange Book.

Recently, Congress, the executive branch, and FDA have taken certain measures to increase drug competition and thus, decrease drug prices. By example, measures have been proposed and implemented to facilitate drug importation, and Florida recently had its plan to import drugs from Canada approved by FDA. Moreover, the 2020 Further Consolidated Appropriations Act also required sponsors of NDA approved products to provide sufficient quantities of drug product on commercially reasonable market-based terms to entities developing generic and similar drug products. Failure to do so can subject the approved product sponsor to civil actions, penalties, and responsibility for attorneys’ fees and costs of the civil action. This bill also included provisions on shared and individual REMS for generic drug products.

Combination Drug/Device Regulation

Twirla and our potential product candidates are considered to be drug-device combination products by the FDA. While our potential product candidates, as a whole, are subject to the NDA approval process, drug-device combination products require compliance with additional FDA regulations. For instance, drug-device combination products must comply with the drug cGMPs, as well as some of the device GMPs, as set forth in the FDA’s Quality System Regulations, or QSRs. In January 2022, FDA issued its final guidance on premarket approval pathways for combination products to help facilitate development of safe and effective combination products. Specifically, in the guidance, FDA defines combination products and discusses how center assignments are determined; discusses the interaction between FDA and sponsors; and includes recommendations for discerning the appropriate premarket pathway for a combination product. These dual requirements for combination products will require additional effort, FDA reporting, and monetary expenditure to ensure that Twirla and our potential product candidates comply with all applicable regulatory requirements.

U.S. Post-Approval Requirements

Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to manufacturing recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion, reporting of adverse experiences with the product and

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drug shortages, and compliance with any post-approval requirements imposed as a condition of approval, such as Phase 4 clinical trials, REMS and surveillance to assess safety and efficacy after commercialization. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications or other labeling claims are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There are also continuing, annual prescription drug program user fee requirements for any approved products. In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and list drugs manufactured at their facilities with the FDA.

Drug sponsors and manufacturers are subject to periodic announced and unannounced inspections and remote regulatory assessments by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with FDA and state requirements for product manufacturing and other requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented, or FDA notification. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from FDA requirements for product manufacturing and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain FDA product manufacturing compliance.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market.

Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in mandatory revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Although physicians, in the practice of medicine, may prescribe approved drugs for unapproved indications, pharmaceutical companies and third parties engaged on their behalf to promote their drug products are prohibited from marketing or promoting their drug products for uses outside the approved label, a practice known as off-label promotion. Companies that market drug products must also provide adequate balancing information on a product’s risk in its

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advertising and promotional pieces. Communications about drug products is an evolving space. In 2023, FDA issued a final rule and a guidance on risk and efficacy disclosures in direct-to-consumer advertising, and a guidance on communication of off-label scientific information about approved products. The FDA and other agencies enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability, including criminal fines and civil penalties under the FDCA and False Claims Act, exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs, mandatory compliance programs under corporate integrity agreements, debarment and refusal of government contracts.

In addition, the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical samples is subject to the Prescription Drug Marketing Act, or PDMA, which regulates the distribution of drug samples at the federal level and reporting regarding drug samples. Both the PDMA and state laws limit the distribution of prescription pharmaceutical product samples and impose requirements to ensure accountability in distribution.

Moreover, the Drug Quality and Security Act imposes obligations on manufacturers of pharmaceutical products related to product tracking and tracing. Among the requirements of this legislation, manufacturers are required to provide certain information regarding the drug product to individuals and entities to which product ownership is transferred, are required to label drug product with a product identifier and are required to keep certain records regarding the drug product. The transfer of information to subsequent product owners by manufacturers is also required to be done electronically and will be required to allow interoperable electronic product tracing at the package level by November 2023, though FDA does not intend to take action to enforce requirements for the interoperable, electronic, package level product tracing until November 27, 2024. Manufacturers must also verify that purchasers of the manufacturers’ products are appropriately licensed. Further, under this legislation, manufacturers have drug product verification responsibilities, as well as investigation, quarantine, disposition, and FDA and trading partner notification responsibilities related to counterfeit, diverted, stolen and intentionally adulterated products, as well as products that are the subject of fraudulent transactions or which are otherwise unfit for distribution such that they would be reasonably likely to result in serious health consequences or death. Other persons and entities within the drug supply chain are also subject to Drug Quality and Security Act requirements.

FDA’s requirements with respect to drug manufacturing, marketing and distribution are continually evolving. FDA and Congress may pass new laws, regulations, and policies, as was done in March 2020 with the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act. The CARES Act included various provisions regarding FDA drug shortage reporting requirements, as well as provisions regarding supply chain security, such as risk management plan requirements, and the promotion of supply chain redundancy and domestic manufacturing. As part of the CARES Act implementation, the FDA issued a guidance on the reporting of the volume of drugs produced, which reporting will require additional administrative efforts by drug manufacturers. This and any future changes in law may require that we change our internal processes and procedures to ensure continued compliance.

U.S. Fraud and Abuse, Data Privacy and Security and Transparency Laws and Regulations

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, federal and state fraud and abuse laws restrict business practices in the biopharmaceutical industry. These laws include, among other things, anti-kickback, healthcare professional payment transparency, drug price transparency, and false claims laws and regulations as well as data privacy and security laws and regulations.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving any remuneration, directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering, or arranging for or recommending the purchase, lease, or order of any healthcare item or service, for which payment may be made in whole or in part under federally financed healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. The term “remuneration” has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value. Additionally, the intent standard under the Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes was amended by the Affordable Care Act, or ACA, to a stricter standard such that a person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. Several courts have interpreted the statute’s intent requirement to mean that if any one purpose of an arrangement involving remuneration is to induce or reward referrals or federal healthcare program business, including purchases of products paid by federal

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healthcare programs, the statute has been violated. In addition, the ACA established that a claim for reimbursement involving items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute is grounds for the government or a whistleblower to assert that a claim for reimbursement submitted to a federal healthcare program for payment of items or services resulting from such a violation constitutes a per se false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal civil False Claims Act. The Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers, among others, on the other. The Beneficiary Inducement Civil Monetary Penalties Law imposes similar restrictions on interactions between pharmaceutical manufacturers and federal healthcare program beneficiaries. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution. Practices that involve remuneration that may be alleged to be intended to induce or reward prescribing, purchases, or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of a statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all of its facts and circumstances. On December 2, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Office of Inspector General, or OIG, published further modifications to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute regulatory safe harbors. OIG promulgated two additional safe harbor regulations relative to pharmaceutical manufacturers under the final rule, the first of which excluded from the definition of “remuneration” limited categories of manufacturer rebates or other price reductions to a plan sponsor under Medicare Part D or a Medicaid Managed Care Organization plan reflected in point-of-sale reductions in price. The second safe harbor regulation excludes from the definition of “remuneration” PBM service fees paid by a manufacturer to a PBM. In addition, OIG revised the discount safe harbor regulation to exclude from the definition of “discount” a reduction in price by a manufacturer to plan sponsors under Medicare Part D, either directly to the plan sponsor or indirectly through a pharmacy benefit manager. The effective date of the two new safe harbors and the revision to the discount safe harbor was delayed by court order until January 1, 2023. Recent legislation further delayed implementation of the new safe harbors and the revision to the discount safe harbor until January 1, 2032. The final rule also added safe harbor protections under the Anti-Kickback Statute for certain coordinated care and value-based arrangements among clinicians, providers, and others.

Many states have adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which apply to healthcare items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs; furthermore, in several states, these statutes and regulations apply regardless of the payor, including commercial and other third-party payors. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a manufacturer and its products from participation in federal healthcare programs, debarment from federal government procurement and non-procurement programs, criminal fines, and imprisonment.

The federal civil False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment to, or approval by, the federal government; knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government; or avoiding, decreasing, or concealing an obligation to pay money to the federal government. A claim includes “any request or demand” for money or property presented to the U.S. government. Claims under the federal civil False Claims Act may be initiated by whistleblowers, who receive substantial financial incentives to come forward, through qui tam actions. If the government decides to intervene in a qui tam action and prevails in the lawsuit, the whistleblower will share in the proceeds from any damages, penalties or settlement funds. If the government declines to intervene, the whistleblower may pursue the case alone. The civil False Claims Act provides for treble damages and a civil penalty for each false claim, such as an invoice or pharmacy claim for reimbursement, which can aggregate into tens and even hundreds of millions of dollars. For these reasons, False Claims Act lawsuits against pharmaceutical manufacturers have increased significantly in volume and breadth in recent years, leading to several substantial civil and criminal settlements, including for as much as $3.0 billion regarding certain sales practices and promoting off label uses. Intent to deceive and actual knowledge of falsity is not necessary to establish civil liability, which may be predicated on reckless disregard for or deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information provided. The federal government continues to use the False Claims Act, and the accompanying threat of significant liability, in investigations against pharmaceutical and health care companies. The False Claims Act has been used to assert liability on the basis of kickbacks and other improper relationships with referral sources, improperly reported government pricing metrics such as Best Price or Average Manufacturer Price, improper promotional activities, including off-label promotion of uses not expressly approved by the FDA in a drug’s label, cGMP violations, and allegations as to misrepresentations with respect

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to products, contract requirements, and services rendered. In addition, private payors have been filing follow-on lawsuits alleging fraudulent misrepresentation and other claims, although establishing liability and damages in these cases is more difficult than under the False Claims Act. The federal criminal False Claims Act imposes criminal fines or imprisonment against individuals or entities who make or present a claim to the government knowing such claim to be false fictitious or fraudulent. Conviction or civil judgment for violation of the False Claims Act can also result in debarment from federal government procurement and non-procurement programs and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. Additionally, the civil monetary penalties statute, among other things, imposes fines against any person who is determined to have presented, or caused to be presented, claims to a federal healthcare program that the person knows, or should know, is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent.

The ACA authorized the imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufactures participating in the 340B program for failure to charge the statutory ceiling price and required HHS to promulgate regulations establishing the standards for implementing this Civil Monetary Penalty, or CMP, authority. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’, or CMS, final CMP rule went into effect January 1, 2019.

The ACA also included a provision requiring certain providers and suppliers of items and services to federal healthcare programs to report and return overpayments, such as those caused by understated rebate amounts, within sixty days after they are “identified” (the “Overpayment Statute”), after which the recipient of the overpayment incurs federal civil False Claims Act liability. The law prohibits a recipient of a payment from the government from keeping an overpayment when the government mistakenly pays more than the amount to which the recipient is entitled even if the overpayment is not caused by any conduct of the recipient. The Overpayment Rule is not directly applicable to manufacturers, except if a manufacturer is a direct recipient of payment by an agency such as a research grant but may impact their customers and potential customers who are Medicare providers, suppliers, and plans.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, also created federal criminal statutes that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud or to obtain, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, any of the money or property owned by, or under the custody or control of, any healthcare benefit program, including private third party payors; knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program; willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense; and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up by trick, scheme or device a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services relating to healthcare matters. Also, many states have similar fraud and abuse statutes or regulations that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, that apply regardless of the payor.

In addition, we may be subject to healthcare data privacy and security regulations promulgated by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, (“HITECH Act”), and their respective implementing regulations, impose certain requirements on covered entities relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of certain individually identifiable health information known as protected health information. The HIPAA privacy regulations impose certain requirements with respect to the disclosure of protected health information for research purposes, such as clinical trials. Among other things, the HITECH Act, and its implementing regulations, made HIPAA’s security standards and certain privacy standards directly applicable to business associates, defined as persons or organizations, other than members of a covered entity’s workforce, that create, receive, maintain or transmit protected health information on behalf of a covered entity for a function or activity regulated by HIPAA. The HITECH Act also strengthened the civil and criminal sanctions that may be imposed against covered entities, business associates, and individuals, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorneys’ fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions. Other federal and state laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act and Washington’s My Health My Data Act, may govern the privacy and security of health and other information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and may not be preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

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Additionally, the federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act created under Section 6002 of the ACA and its implementing regulations, require that manufacturers of prescription drugs for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with certain exceptions, report annually to the CMS information related to certain payments or other “transfers of value” made or distributed to or at the request of covered recipients, namely US-licensed physicians (defined to include doctors of medicine or osteopathy, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, and certified registered nurse anesthetists and anesthesiologist assistants, and certified nurse-midwives and US teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests in an applicable drug manufacturer held by physicians and their immediate family. Payments made to physicians, other principal investigators, and certain research institutions for research, including clinical trials, are included within the ambit of this law. Disclosure of such information is made on a publicly available website. Failure to submit required information may result in civil monetary penalties, with increased penalties for “knowing failures,” for each payment, transfer of value or ownership or investment interest not timely and accurately reported in an annual submission.

There are also an increasing number of analogous state laws and laws in local jurisdictions that regulate price increases, require manufacturers to file reports with states on pricing and price increases, prohibit, restrict and/or require tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation, other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and healthcare entities, and require registration of and impose training requirements on sales representatives. Many of these laws contain ambiguities as to what is required in order to comply with such laws. The laws in some states also require pharmaceutical companies to establish and implement compliance programs that are consistent with voluntary industry guidelines and guidance published by the HHS-OIG. Certain state laws also regulate manufacturers’ use of prescriber-identifiable data. These laws may affect our future sales, marketing and other promotional activities by imposing restrictions on those activities as well as administrative and compliance burdens. In addition, given the lack of clarity with respect to these laws and their implementation, our reporting actions could be subject to the penalty provisions of the pertinent state and federal authorities.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws or regulations described above or any other laws that apply to us, we may be subject to a variety of penalties, depending upon the law found to have been violated, potentially including criminal and significant civil monetary penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs, corporate integrity agreements, non-prosecution agreements, refusal of government contracts, debarment from federal government procurement and non-procurement programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations. To the extent that any of our products are sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws, and implementation of corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals.

Notification Obligations and Potential Liability Around Data Security Incidents, Including Cyberattacks

If personal or other sensitive information about patients or employees is disclosed in an unauthorized manner, or if we or our service providers are subject to real or perceived cyberattacks, ransomware, data breaches, or other security incidents or compromises, or disruption of information technology systems or software, our customers may curtail use of our platform, we may be exposed to liability, our reputation may suffer and our operations may be materially harmed and disrupted.

We, and third parties acting on our behalf, receive, collect, access, generate, store, disclose, share, make accessible, protect, secure, transmit, transfer, dispose of, use, store and otherwise process (collectively, “Process” or “Processing”) personal, confidential and proprietary information. The information technology networks and systems owned, operated, controlled or used by us or our service providers to Process information, including personal and other sensitive information, and to perform other business operations may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns, software or hardware vulnerabilities, data breaches, ransomware attacks, security incidents, supply-side attacks, failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components, power outages, natural disasters, hardware failures, attacks by computer hackers, telecommunication failures, user errors, user malfeasance, computer viruses, unauthorized access, phishing or social engineering attacks, ransomware attacks, denial-of-service attacks and other real

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or perceived cyberattacks or catastrophic events. Any of these incidents could lead to interruptions or shutdowns of our platform, loss or corruption of data, or unauthorized access to or disclosure of personal information or other sensitive information. Cyberattacks could also result in the theft of, or unauthorized access to or use or disclosure of, our intellectual property. We utilize security tools and controls, and we rely on our service providers to use sufficient security measures, including encryption and authentication technology, in an effort to protect personal and other sensitive information. However, advances in computer capabilities, increasingly sophisticated tools and methods used by hackers and cyber terrorists, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments may result in our failure or inability, or the failure or inability of our vendors, to adequately protect personal information and there can be no assurance that we or our vendors will not suffer a data compromise, that hackers or other unauthorized parties will not gain access to personal information or other data, or that any such data compromise or unauthorized access will be discovered in a timely fashion.

Security incidents such as ransomware attacks, including those involving organized criminal threat actors, nation-states and nation-state supported actors, are becoming increasingly prevalent and severe. We, and our service providers, have been subject to cyber, phishing and social engineering attacks and other security incidents in the past and may continue to be subject to such attacks in the future. Advances in computer capabilities, new technological discoveries or other developments may result in cyberattacks becoming more sophisticated and more difficult to detect. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to or to sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not known until launched against us or our service providers. We and our third-party vendors may not have the resources or technical sophistication to anticipate or prevent all such cyberattacks or our security measures, or those of our service providers, could fail or may be insufficient, resulting in security breaches, ransomware attacks, significant interruptions, delays, or outages in our operations, and/or the unauthorized disclosure, modification, misuse, unavailability, destruction or loss of personal or other sensitive information. Security breaches can also occur as a result of non-technical issues, including intentional or inadvertent actions by our employees, our service providers or their personnel or other parties.

If we or our service providers experience, or are believed to have experienced, a security breach or other security incident or compromise (or if there is a perception that we or a service provider has experienced such an event), it may result in: government enforcement actions, including by the Department of Health and Human Services, that could include investigations, fines, penalties, audits and inspections; class actions or other private litigation that could include penalties and injunctions, including in the form of a large settlement; increased regulatory scrutiny; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; loss of income; significant extra expenses to restore data or systems or to otherwise remediate or mitigate the issue (including costs for credit monitoring, notification and other related costs); diversions of management’s time and attention; temporary or permanent bans on all or some Processing of personal information; or orders to destroy, not use or to limit the Processing of personal information. Security incidents could also result in contractual breaches, indemnity obligations, negative publicity, damage to our reputation, and financial loss.

Security incidents and vulnerabilities may cause some of our customers to cease doing business with us and our failure, or perceived failure, to meet expectations or legal obligations with regard to the security, integrity, availability and confidentiality of our systems and the Processing of data could damage our reputation and affect our ability to retain customers, attract new customers and grow our business. Applicable data protection laws, privacy policies and data protection obligations (including contractual obligations) may require us to notify relevant stakeholders of a security incident, including affected individuals, customers, regulators and credit reporting agencies, and may also require us to provide other remedies, such as credit monitoring. Such notifications and other remedies are costly, and the notifications or the failure to comply with such requirements, could lead to material adverse impacts, including without limitation, negative publicity, a loss of customer confidence in our services or security measures or breach of contract claims. Furthermore, actual or perceived security breaches or attacks on our systems or those of our service providers may cause us to incur increasing operational costs, including costs to deploy additional personnel and protection technologies, train employees, and engage third-party experts and consultants.

There can be no assurance that the limitations of liability or other risk-mitigation provisions in our contracts would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages if we fail to comply with applicable data protection laws, privacy policies or data protection obligations (including contractual obligations) related to information security or security incidents. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient to protect us from, or to adequately mitigate, liabilities or damages with respect to claims, costs, expenses, litigation,

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fines, penalties, business loss, data loss, regulatory actions or material adverse impacts arising out of our privacy and security practices, Processing of data or security incidents we may experience, or that such coverage will continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Additionally, any material disruption of our systems, or the systems of our service providers, could disrupt our ability to track, record and analyze the products that we sell and could negatively impact our operations. If our information technology systems suffer damage, disruption or shutdown and we do not effectively resolve the issues in a timely manner, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected, and we could experience delays in reporting our financial results. Due to the criticality of our sites to our business and operations, we are vulnerable to website downtime and other technical failures. Our failure, or a failure on the part of one of our vendors, to successfully respond to these risks could reduce sales and damage our reputation.

Coverage and Reimbursement Generally

The commercial success of Twirla and our other potential product candidates and our ability to commercialize any approved product candidates successfully will depend in part on the extent to which governmental payor programs at the federal and state levels, including Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors provide coverage for and establish adequate coverage of and reimbursement levels for our potential product candidates. Government authorities, private health insurers and other organizations generally decide which drugs they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for healthcare. In particular, in the United States, private health insurers and other third-party payors often provide reimbursement for products and services based on the level at which the government provides reimbursement through the Medicare or Medicaid programs for such products and services. In the United States, the E.U. and other potentially significant markets for our potential product candidates, government authorities and third-party payors are increasingly attempting to limit or regulate the price of medical products and services, particularly for new and innovative products and therapies, which often has resulted in average selling prices lower than they would otherwise be. Further, the increased emphasis on managed healthcare in the United States and on country and regional pricing and reimbursement controls in the E.U. will put additional pressure on product pricing, reimbursement and utilization, which may adversely affect our future product sales and results of operations. These pressures can arise from rules and practices of managed care groups, judicial decisions and governmental laws and regulations related to Medicare, Medicaid and healthcare reform, pharmaceutical coverage and reimbursement policies and pricing in general. Patients who are prescribed treatments for their conditions and providers performing the prescribed services generally rely on third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the associated healthcare costs. Sales of Twirla and our potential product candidates will therefore depend substantially, both domestically and abroad, on the extent to which the costs of our products will be paid by health maintenance organizations, managed care, pharmacy benefit and similar healthcare management organizations, or reimbursed by government health administration authorities, such as Medicare and Medicaid, private health insurers and other third-party payors.

Third-party payors are increasingly imposing additional requirements and restrictions on coverage and limiting access to and reimbursement levels for medical products, including pharmaceuticals. For example, federal and state governments reimburse covered prescription drugs at varying rates generally below average wholesale price. These restrictions and limitations influence the purchase of healthcare services and products. Third-party payors are developing increasingly sophisticated methods of controlling healthcare costs. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific drug products on an approved list, or formulary, which might not include all of the FDA-approved drug products for a particular indication. Certain third-party payors routinely impose additional requirements before approving reimbursement of a prescription, including prior authorization and the requirement to try another therapy first. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of our products, in addition to the costs required to obtain FDA approvals. Our potential product candidates may not be considered medically necessary or cost-effective. Moreover, a payor’s decision to provide coverage for a drug product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be approved. Adequate third-party reimbursement may not be available to enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in drug development for a product candidate. Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government insurance programs may result in lower reimbursement for our potential product candidates, exclusion of our potential product candidates

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from coverage or the requirement for payment of increased manufacturer rebates on units dispensed. The cost containment measures that healthcare payors and providers are instituting and any healthcare reform could significantly reduce our revenues from the sale of any approved product candidates. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to obtain and maintain third-party coverage or adequate reimbursement for our potential product candidates in whole or in part.

Healthcare Reform

Legislative proposals to reform healthcare or reduce costs under government healthcare programs may result in lower reimbursement for Twirla and our potential product candidates or exclusion of Twirla and our potential product candidates from coverage. There have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system that could affect our ability to profitably sell Twirla and our potential product candidates, if approved. Among policy makers and payors in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

Specifically, there have been recent U.S. Congressional inquiries and proposed bills designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to drug pricing, penalize companies that do not agree to cap prices paid for certain drugs, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient assistance programs, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drugs. For example, in 2016, CMS issued a final rule regarding the Medicaid drug rebate program, which among other things, revises the manner in which the “average manufacturer price” or AMP is to be calculated by manufacturers participating in the program and implements certain amendments to the Medicaid rebate statute created under the ACA. More recently, Congress amended the Medicaid statute, effective October 1, 2019, to exclude prices paid by secondary manufacturers for an authorized generic drug from the NDA holder’s AMP for the brand, thereby increasing the rebate amount and the 340B price for the brand. This was implemented by CMS in a final rule issued December 31, 2021. The rule also expanded the definition of products identified as “line extensions” and, in certain circumstances, required inclusion of patient copay assistance in Medicaid best price (effective January 1, 2023), thereby potentially increasing Medicaid rebates paid by manufacturers for such drugs. 340B program guidance regulations on civil monetary penalties for statutory violations, which had been finalized in early 2017 but deferred, also recently went into effect. On November 27, 2020, CMS issued an interim final rule implementing a Most Favored Nation payment model under which reimbursement for certain Medicare Part B drugs would be based on a price that reflects the lowest per capita Gross Domestic Product-adjusted (GDP-adjusted) price of any non-U.S. member country of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) with a GDP per capita that is at least sixty percent of the U.S. GDP per capita. This rule now has been rescinded, but similar programs have been described in recent legislative proposals. While we do not currently have any products available through Medicare, these and any additional healthcare reform measures could further constrain our business or limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result in additional pricing pressures.

Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. The law appears likely to continue the downward pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs. Litigation and legislation related to the ACA are likely to continue, with unpredictable and uncertain results.

In addition, in August 2011, President Obama signed into law the Budget Control Act of 2011, as amended, which, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals in spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction did not achieve its targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, triggering the legislation’s automatic reductions to several government programs. In concert with subsequent legislation, this has resulted in aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of, on average, 2% per fiscal year through 2031 (with the exception of a temporary suspension from May 1, 2020 through March 31, 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic) unless additional congressional action is taken. While we do not currently have any products available through Medicare, these and other healthcare reform initiatives may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material

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adverse effect on our financial operations. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, which could further limit the prices we are able to charge, or the amounts of reimbursement available, for our potential product candidates if they are approved.

Congress has indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative and/or administrative measures to control drug costs. Further, on November 20, 2020, HHS finalized a regulation removing safe harbor protection for price reductions from pharmaceutical manufacturers to plan sponsors under Part D, either directly or through pharmacy benefit managers, unless the price reduction is required by law. The rule also creates a new safe harbor for price reductions reflected at the point-of-sale, as well as a safe harbor for certain fixed fee arrangements between pharmacy benefit managers and manufacturers. The effective date for these changes was delayed by court order until January 1, 2023. Recent legislation further delayed implementation until January 1, 2032. Although a number of these, and other proposed measures may require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, and the Biden administration may reverse or otherwise change these measures, Congress has indicated that it will continue to seek new legislative measures to control drug costs.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, imposes certain recordkeeping requirements and prohibits various categories of entities – including those which are “issuers” of securities on a US based exchange – and individuals from paying, offering, or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates those companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting provisions requiring the company to: 1) maintain books and records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and 2) devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls sufficient to assure management’s control, authority, and responsibility over the company’s assets. Activities that violate either the anti-bribery or accounting provisions of the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight and debarment from government contracts.

Foreign Regulation

We currently have no plans to seek approval for Twirla outside of the United States. In order to market any product outside of the United States, we would need to comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements of other countries regarding safety and efficacy and governing, among other things, clinical trials, marketing authorization, commercial sales and distribution of our products. Whether or not we obtain FDA approval for a product, we would need to obtain the necessary approvals by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries before we can commence clinical trials or marketing of the product in those countries. The approval process varies from country to country and can involve additional product testing and additional administrative review periods. The time required to obtain approval in other countries might differ from and be longer than that required to obtain FDA approval. Regulatory approval in one country does not ensure regulatory approval in another, but a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may negatively impact the regulatory process in others.

​

Research and Development

Conducting research and development is central to our business model. We have invested and expect to continue to invest significant time and capital in our research and development operations. Our research and development expenses were $2.2 million, $3.3 million and $6.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

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In 2024, we expect to continue to incur research and development expenses as we prepare to conduct our post marketing obligations to the FDA.

Intellectual Property

We strive to protect the proprietary technologies that we believe are important to our business, including seeking and maintaining patent protection intended to cover our Skinfusion^® technology, its methods of use, related technologies and other inventions that are important to our business. As more fully described below, our patents and patent applications are directed to our Skinfusion technology or aspects thereof including certain transdermal delivery systems having an active adhesive matrix and methods of using such transdermal delivery systems for controlling fertility. We also rely on manufacturing trade secrets and careful monitoring of our proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection.

Our success will depend significantly on our ability to obtain new patents and maintain existing patents and other proprietary protection for commercially important technology, inventions and know-how related to our business, defend and enforce our patents, preserve the confidentiality of our trade secrets and operate without infringing valid and enforceable patents and other proprietary rights of third parties.

A third party may hold intellectual property, including patent rights, which are important or necessary to the development of our potential product candidates. It may be necessary for us to use the patented or proprietary technology of third parties to commercialize our potential product candidates, in which case we would be required to obtain a license from these third parties on commercially reasonable terms. If we were not able to obtain a license on commercially reasonable terms, our business could be harmed, possibly materially.

We plan to continue to expand our intellectual property estate by filing patent applications directed to novel and nonobvious transdermal contraceptive products. The active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, in our potential product candidates are generic and therefore our patents do not include claims directed solely to the API. We anticipate seeking additional patent protection in the United States and internationally for additional transdermal delivery systems and their methods of use.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical companies like us are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. In addition, the coverage claimed in a patent application can be significantly reduced before the patent is issued, and the patent’s scope can be modified after issuance. Consequently, we do not know whether any of our potential product candidates will remain protected by enforceable and valid patents. We cannot predict whether the patent applications we are currently pursuing will issue as patents in any particular jurisdiction or whether the claims of any issued patents will provide sufficient proprietary protection from competitors. Any patents that we hold may be challenged, circumvented or invalidated by third parties.

Because patent applications in the United States and certain other jurisdictions generally are maintained in secrecy for 18 months, and since publication of discoveries in the scientific or patent literature often lags behind actual discoveries, we cannot be certain of our entitlement to patent rights in the inventions covered in our issued patents and pending patent applications. Moreover, we may have to participate in interference proceedings declared by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, USPTO, to determine priority of invention, or in post-grant challenge proceedings in the USPTO or foreign patent offices such as oppositions, reexamination, inter-partes review, post grant review, or a derivation proceeding, that challenge our entitlement to an invention or the patentability of one or more claims in our patent applications or issued patents. Such proceedings could result in substantial cost, even if the eventual outcome is favorable to us.

More specifically, Twirla is a transdermal contraceptive hormone delivery system. The system is a patch for application to the skin and contains two API, the hormones LNG, which is a synthetic progestin, and EE, a synthetic estrogen. The API are formulated with a combination of skin penetration enhancers, which promote penetration through the dermis and into the bloodstream, such that effective blood levels of the active agents are achieved to suppress ovulation and thereby prevent pregnancy.

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In our Twirla product candidate line the active adhesive system consists of the active ingredients in a polyacrylate adhesive polymer matrix comprising the permeation enhancers dimethylsulfoxide, ethyl lactate, capric acid and lauryl lactate. The active blend is coated onto a release liner, and a backing layer is added on top of the active blend. The peripheral adhesive system comprising three layers, also called the overlay, is added onto the backing layer. The overlay comprises a polyisobutylene adhesive layer, an acrylic adhesive layer, and an overlay covering. The overlay covering is a commercially available silk-like polyester fabric. The adhesive components of the overlay, in addition to their adhesive function, create an in situ seal with the disposable release liner, trapping evaporable solvents in the active blend, thereby extending the usable shelf life of the product candidate and contributing to the comfort and effectiveness of the transdermal system during use. Prior to use of any of our potential product candidates, the release liner is removed by the user and discarded. The patch is then applied to the skin.

Three U.S. patents are listed in the FDA’s Orange Book. Five other previously listed U.S. patents have now expired. Of those expired U.S. Patents, foreign counterparts have been granted and remain in force in China, Hong Kong, India, Israel and Mexico. Those patents are directed to the dried final product formulation used in Twirla and to methods of administration.

U.S. Patent Nos. 8,246,978, 8,747,888, and 9,050,348, currently listed in the Orange Book, are directed to structural features of the transdermal delivery system used in Twirla patch design for transdermal delivery of hormones or of other drugs. As such, these patents protect a platform technology for delivery of LNG, EE, other hormones, and other drugs. These patents expire in July and August 2028. Foreign counterparts have been granted in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Eurasia, Switzerland, Germany, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Ireland, India, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand and Japan.

U.S. Patent Nos. 9,198,876, 9,192,614, 9,198,919, 9,198,920, 9,775,847 and 9,782,419 and related patents and patent applications are directed to various novel dosing regimens, each of which employs transdermal delivery of contraceptive doses of EE and LNG during a “treatment interval” and transdermal delivery of low dose EE and low dose LNG during a “withdrawal interval”. Foreign counterparts are granted in Europe and Canada. We expect these patents will be relevant to two of the products in our pipeline, AG200-SP and AG200-ER, as well as other new potential regimens. These patents expire in October 2029.

U.S. Patent No. 9,364,487 is directed to a composition and device for transdermal delivery of LNG for P-only therapy. The composition contains an anti-oxidant to protect the progestin against oxidative degradation caused by other components of the composition. Foreign counterparts are granted in Canada, Europe, Hong Kong, India, Japan and Mexico. Though not relevant to any current pipeline products, these patents may be useful for protection of future products. These patents expire in November 2032.

We have patent applications pending in the United States directed to novel formulations and methods designed to improve efficacy and modulate side effects of administration, as well as to provide personalized dosing based on body weight or BMI. Counterparts of these patent applications are pending or granted in certain foreign jurisdictions. We also have a pending United States patent application directed to packaging for transdermal systems containing certain skin permeation enhancers.

Regulatory Exclusivity

Our NDA for Twirla was submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. Even though Twirla utilizes API that were previously approved in the United States, Twirla utilizes LNG in a new dosage form, specifically a transdermal patch, and we provided new clinical data essential to approval in our NDA to establish the safety and efficacy of Twirla. Therefore, we received three years of U.S. marketing exclusivity for Twirla under the Hatch Waxman Act. Twirla’s marketing exclusivity, which prohibited the FDA from approving ANDAs and 505(b)(2) NDAs for the conditions of the Twirla approval, expired on February 13, 2023.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2023, we had 19 full time employees, including three in research and development and sixteen in selling, general and administrative roles. On August 16, 2023, Scott M. Coiante became our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”). In connection with his appointment as CFO, Mr. Coiante entered into an employment agreement that outlined his initial annual base salary and his eligibility to participate in the Company’s benefit and compensation plans, including the Company’s annual bonus plan and the 2023 Equity Incentive Compensation Plan. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced a work stoppage and consider our relations with our employees to be good.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated in Delaware in December 1997. Our offices are located at 500 College Road East, Suite 310, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, and our telephone number is (609) 683-1880.

Available Information

Our corporate website address is www.agiletherapeutics.com. Information contained on or accessible through our website is not a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the inclusion of our website address in this annual report is an inactive textual reference only. We make our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports available free of charge on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC.

Since the aggregate market value of our voting stock held by non-affiliates was less than $250 million on June 30, 2023, we are a “smaller reporting company,” as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. As a “smaller reporting company” with less than $100 million in annual revenues we are a non-accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC, and an auditor attestation report over Internal Controls over Financial Reporting does not need to be included in the 2023 Form 10-K.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risk factors set forth below as well as the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. The risks described below are not the only risks facing us. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently view to be immaterial may also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In these circumstances, the market price of our common stock would likely decline.

Risks Related to Our Financial Position and Need for Capital

We have incurred operating losses in each year since our inception and we incurred losses every quarter in 2023. We may continue to incur substantial losses in the future if we are unable to generate positive cash flow from operations. Management has concluded that these factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred losses in each year since our inception in December 1997. Our net loss was $14.5 million, $25.4 million and $71.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $423.2 million. Our cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund our current and planned operations through the 12 months following the date on which this Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern may create negative reactions to the price of our common stock and we may have a more difficult time obtaining financing in the future.

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Specialty pharmaceutical product development is a speculative undertaking, involves a substantial degree of risk and is a capital-intensive business. We expect to incur expenses without corresponding revenues until we are able to sell Twirla in significant quantities, which may not happen. We have devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including our non-clinical development activities and clinical trials. We will require additional capital to fund our operating needs beyond April 2024, including among other items, the commercialization of Twirla and advancing the development of our other potential product candidates. We may not be able to obtain sufficient additional funding to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce, or even terminate, our operations. To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of common stock, convertible preferred stock and convertible promissory notes and to a lesser extent, through term loans and government grants.

We expect that our expenses will increase as we continue to commercialize Twirla. As a result, we expect to continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future. We are uncertain when or if we will be able to achieve or sustain profitability. If we achieve profitability in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Any failure to become and remain profitable could impair our ability to sustain operations and adversely affect the price of our common stock and our ability to raise additional capital. We are significantly dependent on the success of Twirla, and if we do not achieve the commercial success of Twirla and/or are unable to obtain additional funding, we will need to reassess our operating capital needs and may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce, or even terminate, our operations.

We will need to obtain additional financing to fund our operations and, if we are unable to obtain such financing, we may be unable to commercialize Twirla or resume development of our pipeline.

Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since our inception. From our inception to December 31, 2023, we have cumulative net cash flows used by operating activities of $385.3 million. We will need to obtain additional capital to fund our future operations, including the commercialization of Twirla. We will need to obtain additional financing to resume development of our pipeline. Moreover, our fixed expenses such as rent, interest expense and other contractual commitments are substantial and are expected to increase in the future.

Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, but not limited to:

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Our ability to fund our operations through the period of time necessary to successfully commercialize Twirla could be adversely affected based on the risks impacting our ability to successfully commercialize Twirla discussed above. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of revenue, we may finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, license agreements, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and marketing or distribution arrangements, some of which may (1) risk dilution of our current stockholders and/or (2) require us to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams or potential product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. We may seek to access the public or private capital markets whenever conditions are favorable, even if we do not have an immediate need for additional capital at that time.

We may not be able to obtain sufficient additional funding to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce, or even terminate, our operations. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed or on attractive terms, or if we are unable to enter into strategic collaborations, we then may be unable to complete the commercialization of Twirla and may also be required to further cut operating costs, delay, reduce or eliminate our research and development programs or future commercialization efforts or even terminate our operations, which may involve seeking bankruptcy protection. Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operating requirements is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including the factors discussed elsewhere in this “Risk Factors” section. We have based this estimate on a number of assumptions that may prove to be wrong and changing circumstances beyond our control may cause us to consume capital more rapidly than we currently anticipate. If we choose to accelerate any elements of our commercial plan or we encounter any unforeseen events that affect our business plan, we may choose to raise additional funds to provide us with additional working capital. Our inability to obtain additional funding when we need it could seriously harm our business and we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce, or even terminate, our operations.

​

We have never been profitable. Currently, we have only one product available for commercial sale, Twirla, and we may never become profitable.

We have never been profitable and do not expect to be profitable in the foreseeable future. Except for Twirla, we have no other products currently available for commercial sale. To date, we have generated very limited revenue from product sales. As we commercialize Twirla, there can be no assurance that we will generate significant revenues or ever achieve profitability. Our ability to generate product revenue depends on a number of factors, including the risks related to our ability to commercialize Twirla discussed herein.

In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product commercialization and pipeline development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond our current expectations and resources if we are required to provide increased rebates to managed care payors, need to increase our manufacturing capacity sooner than planned, experience disruptions in our manufacturing capabilities, or need to alter our marketing strategy.

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We anticipate incurring significant costs associated with the commercialization of Twirla. Our ability to become and remain profitable depends on our ability to generate revenue in excess of our increasing costs. Even accounting for revenues from the sale of Twirla, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to become profitable or obtain additional funding or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce our operations. In the event we are not able to continue operations at planned levels, we may not be able to meet manufacturing minimums under the Corium Agreement, which may delay or prevent our becoming profitable. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would decrease the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise additional capital, expand our business or continue our operations.

Unstable global market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and share price.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced extreme volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, increases in inflation rates and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread unemployment, economic slowdown and extreme volatility in the capital markets. Similarly, the current conflict between Ukraine and Russia has created extreme volatility in the global capital markets and is expected to have further global economic consequences, including with respect to global supply chain and energy concerns. Any such volatility may have adverse consequences for us or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive.

Risks Related to the Commercialization of Twirla

We are significantly dependent on the commercial success of Twirla, our only approved product. If we are unable to successfully commercialize Twirla, our business, financial condition, revenue, results of operations, and prospects and value of our common stock will be materially adversely affected.

Twirla is the first and only product that we are commercializing. The rest of our potential product candidates are in earlier stages of clinical development and will require additional product development, clinical studies and funding in order to advance towards commercialization, which could take considerable time. Our ability to generate revenues and become profitable will depend in large part on the commercial success of Twirla.

The commercial success of Twirla will depend upon (1) the hormonal contraceptive market landscape and (2) acceptance and uptake of Twirla by prescribers, patients and third-party payors. Risks related to the hormonal contraceptive market landscape include:

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Secondly, if Twirla does not gain an adequate level of acceptance among prescribers, patients and third-party payors, we may not generate significant product revenues or become profitable. Market acceptance of Twirla by prescribers, patients and third-party payors and our resulting ability to commercialize Twirla will depend on a number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including:

For example, prescribers and patients may not be immediately receptive to a transdermal contraceptive system, as opposed to a pill or any other method, and may be slow to adopt it as an accepted treatment for the prevention of

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pregnancy. We also may face unexpected competition. Upon approval by the FDA, we received three years of FDA marketing exclusivity for Twirla under the FDCA. This three-year marketing exclusivity expired on February 14, 2023. Thus, Twirla’s protection from competition is derived solely through the Twirla patent and trade secret portfolio, and we cannot guarantee that we will be able to protect our intellectual property rights in the marketplace. See Risks Related to Intellectual Property Rights. Competition that Twirla and our potential product candidates may face from generic or similar versions of the same or similar products could materially and adversely impact our future revenue, profitability and cash flows and substantially limit our ability to obtain a return on the investments we have made in Twirla or our potential product candidates.

If Twirla does not achieve an adequate level of acceptance by prescribers, third-party payors and patients, we may not generate sufficient revenue, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability, and the value of our common stock may be adversely impacted. Our efforts to educate prescribers, patients and third-party payors on the benefits of Twirla may require significant resources and may never be successful. Even if we are able to demonstrate and maintain a competitive advantage over our competitors and become profitable, if the market for hormonal contraceptives fails to achieve expected future growth or decreases, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue or sustain profitability. Our ability to generate sufficient revenue from Twirla will also be dependent on our ability to support the commercial demand for Twirla and we cannot assure that we and Corium will be able to manufacture sufficient quantities of Twirla in order to meet commercial demand.

It will be difficult for us to profitably sell Twirla if third-party coverage and reimbursement for such product is limited, and reimbursement and healthcare containment initiatives and treatment guidelines may constrain our future revenues.

Market acceptance and sales of Twirla will depend on coverage and reimbursement policies and may be affected by future healthcare reform measures. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels for approved medications. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications, including branded innovator products. We cannot be sure that coverage or reimbursement will be available for Twirla and, if coverage is available, we cannot be sure of the level of reimbursement. Even when a payor determines that a product is eligible for reimbursement, the payor may set a reimbursement rate that is too low to support a profitable sales price for the product. Subsequent approvals of competitive products could result in a detrimental change to the reimbursement of our products. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, Twirla. Numerous generic products may be available at lower prices than branded therapy products, such as Twirla, which may also reduce the likelihood and level of reimbursement for Twirla.

If we are unable to develop effective marketing and sales capabilities for Twirla or maintain our agreements with third parties to market and sell Twirla, we may be unable to generate product revenues.

At present, we have a limited number of marketing personnel and rely on a contract sales organization, or CSO, in the United States. In April 2020, we entered into an agreement with inVentiv Commercial Services, a Syneos Health group company, to provide a contract sales force and related sales services for Twirla, and they have been detailing Twirla to health care providers through both live and virtual meetings.

We cannot guarantee that we will be successful in marketing Twirla in the United States. We may not be able to continue to develop our own marketing capabilities or a contract sales force in a cost-effective manner or realize a positive return on this investment. In addition, we will have to compete with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to recruit, hire, train and retain sales and marketing personnel. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to commercialize Twirla in the United States include:

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If we are not successful in retaining sales and marketing personnel or in continuing to build and maintain a sales and marketing infrastructure, or if we do not successfully enter into appropriate collaboration arrangements, we could have difficulty commercializing Twirla, which could adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, and value of our common stock.

To the extent that we rely on, or partner with, third parties to commercialize Twirla, we may receive less revenue than if we commercialized these products ourselves. In addition, we would have less control over the sales efforts of any other third parties involved in our commercialization efforts. We, however, will remain responsible for the conduct of any contract sales force, which could expose us to legal and regulatory enforcement actions and liability. In the event that we are unable to partner with a third-party marketing and sales organization, our ability to generate product revenues may be limited.

Twirla could develop unexpected safety, efficacy or quality concerns, which would likely have a material adverse effect on us.

Twirla was approved in the U.S. based on the SECURE clinical trial, in which patients were enrolled for 13 cycles of treatment. Twirla will now be used by larger numbers of patients, potentially for longer periods of time, and we and others (including regulatory agencies and private payors) will endeavor to collect extensive information on the efficacy and safety of Twirla by monitoring its use in the marketplace. In addition, we will endeavor to conduct the PMR. New safety, efficacy, or dosing data from both market surveillance and our post-marketing clinical trials may result in negative consequences including:

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Furthermore, the discovery of significant problems with a product similar to Twirla that implicate (or are perceived to implicate) the entire class of products could have an adverse impact on our ability to commercialize Twirla. Any of these circumstances could reduce Twirla’s market acceptance and could inhibit or delay our ability to commercialize Twirla or gain and/or sustain market share, any of which could adversely affect sales of Twirla.

Sales of Twirla may be adversely affected by the consolidation among wholesale drug distributors and the growth of large retail drug store chains.

The network through which we will sell Twirla and our potential product candidates, if and when approved, has undergone significant consolidation marked by mergers and acquisitions among wholesale distributors and the growth of large retail drugstore chains. As a result, a small number of large distributors control a significant share of the market. In 2021, three companies generated about 95% of all revenues from drug distribution in the United States, and the top five chain pharmacy companies owned about 54% of all retail pharmacy outlets. Consolidation of drug wholesalers and retailers, as well as any increased pricing pressure that those entities face from their customers, including the U.S. government, may increase pricing pressure and place other competitive pressures on drug manufacturers, including us.

Existing and future legislation may increase the difficulty and cost for us to commercialize Twirla and may affect the prices we may obtain.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions, there have been a number of legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect our ability to profitably sell Twirla. In addition, legislative and regulatory proposals have been made to expand post-approval requirements and restrict sales and promotional activities for pharmaceutical products. We do not know whether additional legislative changes will be enacted, or whether the FDA’s regulations, guidance or interpretations will change, or what the impact of such changes on our ability to market Twirla may be.

In March 2010, President Obama signed into law the ACA. Of particular relevance to our business is the ACA requirement that all health plans, with limited exceptions, cover certain preventive services for women with no cost-sharing, which means no deductible, no co-insurance and no co-payments by the patient – including contraceptive methods, known as the contraceptive mandate. For discussion on the ACA requirements for contraceptive coverage and applications to Twirla, see Part 1, Item 1, Pricing and Reimbursement and Part 1, Item 1, Government Regulation. The ACA appears likely to continue to apply pressure on pharmaceutical pricing, especially under the Medicare program, and may also increase our regulatory burdens and operating costs. There are several proposals to reform the federal healthcare laws being advocated and it is still unclear whether such reform efforts will succeed and if so, which proposals will ultimately be successful. Further, the Biden administration may choose to change or reverse regulatory decisions made by the previous administration. Therefore, it is difficult to determine the full effect of the ACA or any other healthcare reform efforts on our business. Since its enactment, there have been numerous judicial, administrative, executive, and legislative challenges to certain aspects of the ACA, and we expect there will be additional challenges and amendments to the ACA in the future. Litigation and legislation related to the ACA are likely to continue, with unpredictable and uncertain results.

Consistent with precedent, we expect that additional federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and in turn could significantly reduce the projected value of Twirla and our potential product candidates and reduce our profitability.

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Other measures – such as provisions of the Medicare Modernization Act that would allow importation of drugs from Canada – have also been taken by Congress, the previous administration, and administrative agencies to increase drug competition and thus, decrease drug prices. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. New legislative and regulatory efforts could ultimately have an adverse impact on our business and results of operation.

Risks Relating to Maintaining Regulatory Compliance and Approval of Twirla

We remain subject to substantial ongoing regulatory requirements related to Twirla, and failure to comply with these requirements could lead to penalties, including withdrawal from the market, suspension, or withdrawal of product approval.

Twirla is subject to ongoing regulatory requirements governing the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, import, export, safety surveillance, advertising, marketing promotion, recordkeeping, reporting of adverse events and other post-market information, and further development, including ongoing requirements for costly post-marketing studies, including Phase 4 studies or post-market surveillance. For more information about the planned Phase 4 studies for Twirla, see Part 1, Item 1, Twirla. The results generated in these post-approval clinical trials and studies could result in loss of marketing approval, changes in product labeling, or new or increased concerns about side effects or efficacy of a product. Failure to comply with post-market study requirements can also result in different enforcement actions.

Post-approval requirements include registration with the FDA, listing of our drug products, payment of annual fees, as well as continued compliance with cGCPs for any clinical trials that we conduct post-approval. Application holders must notify the FDA, and depending on the nature of the change, obtain FDA pre-approval for product manufacturing changes. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual review and routine inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with the FDA’s manufacturing requirements relating to quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents. If we are found to be noncompliant with applicable requirements, we may be subject to different enforcement actions.

In addition, our product labeling, advertising and promotional materials for Twirla will be subject to regulatory requirements and continuing review by the FDA, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Inspector General, state attorneys general, members of Congress and the public. The FDA strictly regulates the promotional claims that may be made about prescription products, and the FDA has requested that companies enter into consent decrees of permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is changed or curtailed. In particular, a product may not be promoted for uses that are not approved by the FDA as reflected in the product’s approved labeling, a practice known as off-label promotion. Engaging in the impermissible promotion of our products for off-label uses can also subject us to false claims litigation under federal and state statutes. If we or any third parties contracted to promote our product on our behalf are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability, government fines, civil and criminal penalties, and other enforcement actions. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant sanctions. The federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. Since 2004, these False Claims Act lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies have increased significantly in volume and breadth, leading to several substantial civil and criminal settlements regarding certain sales practices promoting off-label drug uses involving fines that are as much as $3.0 billion.

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If we or a regulatory agency discover previously unknown problems with Twirla, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, data integrity issues with regulatory filings, advertising and promotion, problems with the facility where the product is manufactured or we or our manufacturers or others working on our behalf fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements after marketing approval, we may be subject to reporting obligations as well as enforcement actions, such as Warning Letters, Cyber Letters, Untitled Letters, consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, clinical holds or termination of clinical trials, criminal and civil penalties, including imprisonment, suspensions or impositions of restrictions on operations such as costly new manufacturing requirements or product seizures or detentions.

We may also be subject, directly or indirectly through our customers and partners, to various fraud and abuse laws, including, without limitation, the U.S. Anti-Kickback Statute, U.S. False Claims Act and similar state laws, which impact, among other things, our proposed sales, marketing and scientific/educational efforts. Federal criminal statutes also prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters. We are also subject to complex laws and regulations regarding reporting and payment obligations due to our participation in government drug programs. All of these activities are also potentially subject to U.S. federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. Analogous state laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws, may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government in addition to requiring drug manufacturers to report information related to payments to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and drug pricing; and state laws, such as the California Consumer Privacy Act, governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by federal law, thus complicating compliance efforts.

The occurrence of any event or penalty described herein may inhibit our ability to commercialize Twirla and generate revenue. Adverse regulatory action, whether pre- or post-approval, can also potentially lead to product liability claims and increase our product liability exposure. Efforts to ensure that our business arrangements with third parties will comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations are costly. Compliance with these and other federal and state laws applicable to the sale, marketing, and distribution of commercial drug products will require that we expend time and financial resources to maintain compliance, and it is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices may not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations.

Risks Related to Manufacturing and Our Reliance on Third Parties

We have no manufacturing capacity and anticipate continued reliance on Corium, our third-party manufacturer, for the commercialization of Twirla and development of our potential product candidates, as a sole source provider. We may not have or be able to obtain sufficient quantities of Twirla or our potential product candidates to meet our required supply for commercialization or clinical trials. Alternatively, we may not realize the commercial demand for Twirla necessary to meet our obligations to Corium. Either of these events could materially harm our business.

We rely on Corium, our third-party manufacturer, to produce commercial supplies and samples of Twirla. We have no back-up or alternative manufacturer of Twirla. We do not own or operate, and have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities for Twirla. We lack the resources and the capabilities to manufacture Twirla or any of our potential product candidates on a commercial or clinical scale.

As a third-party manufacturer, Corium’s business operations are completely beyond our control, and we have no influence over whether Corium changes its management or its business operations or discontinues them entirely. Furthermore, we do not control the manufacturing process of Twirla. Corium or other contract manufacturers that we may use are subject to routine inspection by regulatory authorities, including the FDA. If our contract manufacturer cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of the FDA, they may receive adverse inspectional findings, may need to undertake costly and time-consuming corrective actions, and may not be able to maintain regulatory approval for their manufacturing facilities and may expose us to

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enforcement actions. If the FDA withdraws its approval of Corium’s facilities for the manufacture of Twirla, or if Corium experiences quality or other regulatory issues, we may need to find alternative manufacturing facilities that would also require FDA approval, which would significantly impact our ability to develop and sustain our market share of Twirla.

Corium may experience issues in the manufacturing process for Twirla. The custom machinery used to manufacture Twirla could malfunction at any time, creating a delay in manufacturing as Corium secures replacement parts, repairs and revalidates the equipment and manufacturing process, or, if the equipment cannot be repaired, we seek to secure alternative third-party manufacturers. Any such delays could limit our ability to meet commercial demand for Twirla, or to do so at an acceptable cost, either of which could delay, prevent, or impair the commercialization of Twirla.

Although we have manufacturing agreements with Corium for the commercial supply of Twirla, Corium and several of its suppliers of raw materials will likely be single source providers to us for a significant period of time. In particular, Corium manufactures Twirla using EE and LNG and components that it purchases from third parties, most of which are single source suppliers of the applicable material. We do not have any control over the process or timing of the acquisition of these raw materials by Corium or over whether any of these single-source supplies decide to suspend or cease production of raw materials. Corium’s failure to timely obtain, or a disruption in the supply of, these raw materials could lead to an inability to adequately supply the commercial market with finished product of Twirla and in turn adversely affect our business.

Because we outsource all of our manufacturing processes, there is no guarantee that there will be sufficient supplies to fulfill our requirements or that we may obtain such supplies on acceptable terms. In addition, we are required to meet quantity minimums under our supply agreement with Corium. We may not realize sufficient commercial demand for Twirla to meet these obligations, which may result in periodic delays in the manufacturing process, penalty payments, or termination of the agreement. For example, during 2021, we did not meet all of our minimum quantity purchases from Corium, and as a result, paid penalties as defined in the contract. In July 2022, we amended the Corium Agreement to restructure the minimums applicable to the purchase of manufactured Twirla, defined as minimum revenue requirements. In the event we do not meet the guaranteed minimum revenue requirements in any given year, we will be required to make additional payments to Corium for the shortfall. If it becomes necessary to engage an additional third-party manufacturer to produce Twirla, we may need to license certain manufacturing know-how from Corium, and our commercial supply will be limited while the new third-party manufacturer develops the necessary know-how to manufacture Twirla and while we obtain regulatory approval for the addition of a new manufacturer and processes.

If Corium or any third-party manufacturer with whom we contract fails to perform its obligations or if our relationship is terminated for any reason, we may be forced to manufacture the materials ourselves, for which we may not have the capabilities or resources, or enter into an agreement with a different third-party manufacturer, which we may not be able to do on reasonable terms, if at all. In either scenario, our commercial supply of Twirla and clinical trials supply for other potential product candidates could be delayed significantly as we establish alternative supply sources in accordance with FDA regulations and requirements, which we may be unable to do expediently or without conducting additional studies, if at all. The delays associated with the verification of a new contract manufacturer could negatively affect our ability to commercialize our products, including Twirla, and to develop our other potential product candidates.

We rely on third parties to conduct aspects of our clinical trials and post marketing studies. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or comply with applicable regulatory requirements, we may not be able to maintain regulatory approval for Twirla or develop our pipeline.

We currently rely and plan to continue to rely on CROs and clinical trial sites for most aspects of our post-marketing study and any other clinical trials of our potential product candidates, such as trial conduct, data management, statistical analysis and electronic compilation of our FDA submission. We may enter into agreements with additional CROs and clinical trial sites to obtain additional resources and expertise in an attempt to accelerate our progress with regard to new or ongoing clinical and preclinical programs, which involves substantial cost and requires extensive management time and focus. Delays may occur, which may materially impact our ability to meet our desired post-marketing and clinical development timelines and ultimately have a material adverse impact on the commercialization of Twirla, our ability to maintain our marketing authorization for Twirla, our operating results, financial condition or future prospects. For

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example, we have engaged the services of a CRO to design, conduct, and complete the PMR database study, which will require substantial time and resources. If the CRO cannot obtain the necessary sample for the database and complete the study in a timely manner, we may be unable to meet study milestones and may fail to complete the study required by the FDA and subsequently may lose our marketing authorization for Twirla or be subject to other enforcement actions, and be forced to suspend commercial activities regarding the product.

As CROs and clinical investigators are not our employees, we cannot control whether or not they devote sufficient time and resources to our clinical trials for which they are engaged to perform, and whether they comply with the applicable regulatory requirements, including requirements related to the conduct of the study, subject informed consent, and IRB approval. If the CROs or clinical trial sites we engage do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or obligations, conduct the clinical trials in accordance with all regulatory requirements and the applicable protocols, or meet expected deadlines, or if they need to be replaced, or the quality or accuracy of the data they provide is compromised due to a failure to adhere to regulatory requirements or for other reasons, then our development programs may be extended, delayed or terminated, we may not be able to obtain marketing approval for or successfully commercialize our potential product candidates, or we may not be able to meet our post-market study requirements. Failure to comply with clinical trial regulatory requirements may further subject us to enforcement actions. As a result, our financial results and the commercial prospects for Twirla or our potential product candidates could be harmed, and our costs could increase.

We may rely on third parties to perform many essential services for any products that we commercialize, including, but not limited to, services related to government price reporting, customer service, accounts receivable management, cash collection, and pharmacovigilance and adverse event reporting. If these third parties fail to perform as expected or to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, our ability to commercialize our potential product candidates will be significantly impacted and we may be subject to regulatory sanctions.

We may retain third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions related to Twirla, key aspects of which will be out of our direct control. These service providers may provide key services related to customer service, accounts receivable management, cash collection, pharmacovigilance and adverse event reporting, safety database management, and related services. If these third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, fail to meet expected deadlines, or otherwise do not carry out their contractual duties to us, or encounter physical or natural damage at their facilities, our ability to deliver product to meet commercial demand would be significantly impaired and we may be subject to enforcement actions.

We may further contract with a third party to calculate and report pricing information mandated by various government programs. If a third party fails to timely report or adjust prices as required, or errors occur in calculating government pricing information from transactional data in our financial records, it could impact our discount and rebate liability, and potentially subject us to regulatory sanctions or False Claims Act lawsuits.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property Rights

We may not be able to protect our proprietary technology in the marketplace.

We depend on our ability to protect our proprietary technology. We rely on trade secret, patent, copyright and trademark laws, and confidentiality, licensing and other agreements with employees and third parties, all of which offer only limited protection. Our success depends in large part on our ability and any future licensee’s ability to maintain our patents and to obtain additional patent protection in the United States and other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. If we are compelled to spend significant time and money protecting or enforcing our patents, designing around patents held by others or licensing or acquiring, potentially for large fees, patents or other proprietary rights held by others, our business and financial prospects may be harmed. If we are unable to effectively protect the intellectual property that we own, other companies may be able to offer for sale the same or similar products containing the generically available active pharmaceutical ingredients in Twirla and our potential product candidates, which could materially adversely affect our competitive business position and harm our business prospects.

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Our patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing the same or similar products or limit the length of the term of patent protection that we may have for our potential product candidates. Even if our patents are unchallenged, they may not adequately protect our intellectual property, provide exclusivity for our potential product candidates or prevent others from designing around our claims. Any of these outcomes could impair our ability to prevent competition from third parties, which may have an adverse impact on our business.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical products are often complex and uncertain. The breadth of claims allowed in pharmaceutical patents in the United States and many jurisdictions outside of the United States is not consistent, and the breadth and strength of our patents may not be sufficient to prevent competition from similar or identical products. For example, in many jurisdictions the support standards for pharmaceutical patents are becoming increasingly strict. Some countries prohibit method of treatment claims in patents. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or create uncertainty. In addition, publication of information related to our current product and pipeline products may prevent us from obtaining or enforcing patents relating to this product and pipeline products, including without limitation transdermal delivery systems and methods of using such transdermal delivery systems. Our product and pipeline products contain generically available active pharmaceutical ingredients. As a result, new chemical entity patents directed to the active pharmaceutical ingredients in our product and pipeline products, which are generally believed to offer the strongest form of patent protection, are not available.

We may infringe the intellectual property rights of others, which may prevent or delay our commercialization and product development efforts or increase the costs of commercializing Twirla, or our potential product candidates, when and if approved.

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing the patents and other intellectual property rights of third parties. For example, there could be issued patents of which we are not aware that Twirla or our current or future potential product candidates infringe. There also could be patents that we believe we do not infringe, but that we may ultimately be found to infringe.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology without authorization and may sue us for patent or other intellectual property infringement or misappropriation. Third parties could similarly claim that our employees, consultants, or contractors have misappropriated their intellectual property, including know-how or trade secrets of a third party, in violation of nondisclosure agreements or noncompete agreements in place with the third party. These lawsuits are costly and could adversely affect our results of operations and divert the attention of managerial and scientific personnel. If we are sued for patent infringement, we would need to demonstrate that our product, potential product candidates or methods either do not infringe the claims of the relevant patent or that the patent claims are invalid or unenforceable, which is difficult and which we may not be able to do, and even if successful will result in substantial costs and time, which could have a material adverse effect on us. Successful third-party claims could block our ability to commercialize Twirla or potential product candidates, if approved, and could result in liability and monetary damages, any of which could materially harm our business.

Any lawsuits relating to infringement of intellectual property rights brought by or against us will be costly and time consuming and may adversely impact the price of our common stock.

We may be required to initiate litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights. These lawsuits can be very time consuming and costly. There is a substantial amount of litigation involving patent and other intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry generally. Such litigation or proceedings, if we have the time and/or resources to pursue them, could substantially increase our operating expenses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or distribution activities. Any recovery may not be commercially valuable, and our confidential information and trade secrets may become publicly available during the course of litigation discovery.

In infringement litigation, any award of monetary damages we receive may not be commercially valuable. There can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims,

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which typically last for years before they are resolved. Further, any claims we assert against a perceived infringer could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we have infringed their patents. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Risks Related to Our Business Operations and Industry

If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

Our ability to compete in the highly competitive pharmaceuticals industry depends in large part upon our ability to attract and retain highly qualified managerial, scientific and medical personnel. Our success also depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate highly skilled junior, mid-level and senior managers as well as junior, mid-level and senior scientific and medical personnel. Competition for skilled personnel in our market is intense and competition for experienced personnel may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms. We are highly dependent on our management, scientific and medical personnel. In order to induce valuable employees to remain with us, we have provided these employees with stock options that vest over time. The value to employees of stock options that vest over time is significantly affected by movements in our stock price that we cannot control and may at any time be insufficient to counteract more lucrative offers from other companies. Additionally, at times, we have also implemented programs that included cash retention bonuses and/or restricted stock units as incentives to retain employees.

Despite our efforts to retain valuable employees, members of our management, scientific and medical teams may terminate their employment with us on short notice. We have employment agreements with our named executive officers which includes Alfred Altomari, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. The employment agreements provide for at-will employment, which means that Mr. Altomari or any of our other employees could leave our employment at any time, with or without notice. The loss of the services of any of our executive officers or other key employees could potentially harm our business, operating results or financial condition. In particular, we believe that the loss of the services of Mr. Altomari may have a material adverse effect on our business. We do not currently carry “key person” insurance on the lives of members of executive management.

If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of Twirla.

We face potential risks of product liability as a result of the clinical testing and commercial availability of Twirla and the clinical testing of our other potential product candidates. For example, we may be sued if Twirla or any potential product candidate we develop allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization or development of the product or potential product candidate subject to such claims. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in a decreased demand for Twirla or any future potential product candidates that we may develop, injury to our reputation, withdrawal of clinical trial participants, a diversion of management’s time and our resources, substantial monetary awards to trial participants or patients, product recalls or withdrawals, loss of revenue, the inability to

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commercialize Twirla or our potential product candidates, if approved, or a decline in our stock price, among other negative impacts.

We have obtained limited product liability insurance coverage for Twirla and our clinical trials with a $10.0 million annual aggregate coverage limit. Although we maintain such insurance, any claim that may be brought against us could result in a court judgment or settlement in an amount that is not covered, in whole or in part, by our insurance or that is in excess of the limits of our insurance coverage. Our insurance policies also have various exclusions, and we may be subject to a product liability claim for which we have no coverage. We may have to pay any amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Business interruptions, including those resulting from systems failures or cyber-attacks, could delay us in the process of developing our potential product candidates and could disrupt our sales.

Our headquarters are located in Princeton, New Jersey, and Corium, our contract manufacturer, is located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. We are vulnerable to natural disasters, such as severe storms and other events that could disrupt our or Corium’s operations. We do not carry insurance for natural disasters, and we may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur. In addition, despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems, and those of other third parties on which we rely, are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures, cyber-attacks or cyber-intrusions over the internet, attachments to emails, persons inside our organization, or persons with access to systems inside our organization. Any losses or damages we incur could have a material adverse effect on our business operations. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further commercialization of Twirla and/or development of our potential product candidates could be delayed.

See Part I, Item 1C, Cybersecurity, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information regarding our cybersecurity risk management, strategy, and governance.

Our employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, CROs, manufacturers, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading, which could significantly harm our business.

We are exposed to the risk that employees, independent contractors, principal investigators, CROs, manufacturers, consultants, commercial partners and vendors may engage in fraudulent or other illegal activity, fraud or other misconduct. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or disclosure of unauthorized activities to us that violates: (i) the law and regulations of the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to the FDA and non-U.S. regulators, (ii) healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in the United States and abroad and (iii) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data. In particular, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Misconduct in violation of these laws may also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious harm to our reputation. We have adopted a code of conduct, but it is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by our employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business, including enforcement actions, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our results of operations.

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Our ability to use net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses to reduce future tax payments may be limited by provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and may be subject to further limitation as a result of our initial public offering.

Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, contain rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an ownership change, which is generally any change in ownership of more than 50% of its stock over a three-year period, to utilize its net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses recognized in years after the ownership change. These rules generally operate by focusing on ownership changes involving stockholders owning, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of the stock of a company and any change in ownership arising from a new issuance of stock by the company. Generally, if an ownership change occurs, the yearly taxable income limitation on the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards and certain built-in losses is equal to the product of the applicable long-term tax-exempt rate and the value of the company’s stock immediately before the ownership change. We may be unable to offset future taxable income, if any, with losses, or our tax liability with credits, before such losses and credits expire and therefore would incur larger federal income tax liability. Our net operating loss carryforwards arising in taxable years ending on or prior to December 31, 2017 will expire between 2024 and 2037 if we have not used them. Net operating loss carryforwards arising in taxable years ending after December 31, 2017 are no longer subject to expiration under the Code.

In addition, it is possible that the transactions relating to our initial public offering or subsequent public offerings, either on a standalone basis or when combined with future transactions, have caused us to undergo one or more additional ownership changes. In that event, we generally would not be able to use our pre-change loss or credit carryovers or certain built-in losses prior to such ownership change to offset future taxable income in excess of the annual limitations imposed by Sections 382 and 383 of the Code. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

We are now listed on the OTC markets, which could affect our common stock's market price and liquidity and reduce our ability to raise capital.

On March 22, 2024, we received notice from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC that the Nasdaq Hearings Panel has determined to delist our common stock. Suspension of trading in our common stock was effective at the open of trading on March 26, 2024. Following the delisting of our common stock from the Nasdaq Capital Market, we will continue to be a reporting company under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our common stock commenced trading on the OTC Markets Group (“OTC”) platform at the open of trading on March 26, 2024 under the symbol “AGRX.”  We have applied for trading on the OTC-QB market.

We have a period of 15 days from the date of the notice letter to submit a written request for a review of the Nasdaq Hearings Panel’s delisting determination by the Nasdaq Listing and Hearing Review Council (the “Listing Council”). We do not plan to appeal the Nasdaq Hearings Panel’s determination and expect that a Form 25-NSE will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which would remove our common stock from listing and registration on Nasdaq.

Trading of our common stock on the OTC could make it more difficult to buy or sell our securities and to obtain accurate quotations, and the price of our securities could suffer a material decline. Delisting from Nasdaq could also impair our ability to raise capital. Delisting by Nasdaq could negatively impact the Company as it would likely reduce the liquidity and market price of the Company’s common stock, reduce the number of investors willing to hold or acquire the Company’s common stock, negatively impact the Company’s ability to access equity markets and obtain financing, and impair the Company’s ability to provide equity incentives.

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We expect that our stock price may fluctuate significantly.

The trading price of our common stock is highly volatile and is subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control, including limited trading volume. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this annual report, these factors include:

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our common stock to fluctuate substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares of common stock and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of our common stock. In addition, the stock market in general, and the OTC and the stock prices of pharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies.

Raising additional capital may cause dilution to our existing stockholders or restrict our operations.

We will need to seek additional capital through a combination of private and public equity offerings, debt financings and strategic collaborations. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities could result in the issuance of additional shares of our capital stock and could result in dilution to our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we will be prevented from pursuing research and development efforts and could be forced to limit funding of our efforts to commercialize Twirla. This could harm our business, operating results and financial condition and cause the price of our common stock to fall.

We may be subject to securities litigation, which is expensive and could divert management attention.

The market price of our common stock may be volatile, and in the past companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their stock have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation, which could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could adversely impact our business. Any adverse determination in litigation could also subject us to significant liabilities.

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We have never paid monetary dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, any gains from an investment in our common stock will likely depend on whether the price of our common stock increases.

We have not paid monetary dividends on our common stock to date, and we currently intend to retain our future earnings, if any, to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be your sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

Anti-takeover provisions in our organizational documents and Delaware law may discourage or prevent a change of control, even if an acquisition would be beneficial to our stockholders, which could affect our stock price adversely and prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our board of directors that our stockholders might consider favorable. Some of these provisions:

In addition, we are subject to the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which may prohibit certain business combinations with stockholders owning 15% or more of our outstanding voting stock. These and other provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws and Delaware law could make it more difficult for stockholders or potential acquirers to obtain control of our board of directors or initiate actions that are opposed by our then-current board of directors, including a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving our company. This provision could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders. Any delay or prevention of a change of control transaction or changes in our board of directors could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

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We incorporate assessment of our cybersecurity risk management and strategy into our overall management of enterprise risk. The Company evaluates cybersecurity threat risk areas across its business including, but not limited to, operational risk, fraud, harm to employees or third parties, patient safety and violation of privacy or security-related laws or regulations. The Company has a Compliance Committee that is responsible for overseeing the enterprise risk management process. As part of our efforts to mitigate cybersecurity threats, we have implemented cybersecurity

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processes, technologies, and controls designed to effectively identify and manage potential material cybersecurity threats.

Assessment, Identification and Risk Management of Cybersecurity Threats

We employ a range of tools and services, including regular network and endpoint monitoring, managed detection and response, system patching, managed security services, server and endpoint scheduled backups, awareness training and testing, periodic vulnerability assessment and penetration testing, to update our ongoing risk management and strategy. Furthermore, we have a cybersecurity assessment process that is conducted regularly with our current information technology (IT) services provider. -We proactively engage with our IT services provider as part of our continuing efforts to evaluate and enhance the effectiveness of our information security policies and procedures. We also have used an additional third-party services provider to perform internal and external penetration testing and social engineering employee challenge testing.

Governance and Oversight of Cybersecurity Threats

Our information security program is managed by our Chief Corporate Planning and Supply Chain Officer (CCPO), who has more than ten years’ experience managing IT services for Agile and possesses the required subject matter expertise, skills, and experience expected of an individual assigned to these duties. Our information security team, which includes the CCPO as well as additional professionals from our IT services provider, is responsible for leading enterprise-wide cybersecurity threat strategy, policy, standards, and processes. Our CCPO provides regular updates to our Chief Executive Officer and other members of management regarding cybersecurity threats and participates in the quarterly Compliance Committee meetings.

The Audit Committee is responsible for oversight of the Company’s cybersecurity risk exposure. The CCPO provides reports to the Audit Committee and Board at least annually, which include updates on the Company’s cybersecurity risks and threats, the status of projects to strengthen our information security systems, assessments of the information security program, and the emerging cybersecurity threat landscape.

Incident Response and Reporting

The Company has a cybersecurity policy that governs the corporate response to and communication of security incidents affecting the Company’s information technology system and stresses the need for fast response times and continuous improvement in security measures. The policy requires immediate reporting of any observed security incident to the CCPO, the Company’s third-party IT services provider, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Executive Officer. The CCPO, working with our IT services provider and any other third parties required, is responsible for taking steps to minimize loss and destruction, identify and correct any weakness that was exploited, restoring IT services and continuing to communicate to senior management and the Board on the event. The CCPO is authorized to employ any third-party service providers as necessary. The policy also requires the conduct of post-incident analyses, reporting on the incident, identification of lessons learned and a close-out report.

Oversight of Third-Party Providers

Prior to doing business with third-party providers or suppliers with access to our network, systems or data or a third party providing cybersecurity support or infrastructure, we assess and evaluate their cybersecurity preparedness. Our assessment of cybersecurity threats associated with our third-party providers is part of our overall cybersecurity risk management framework.

Impact of Cybersecurity Threats on our Business

Although risks from cybersecurity threats did not, to our knowledge, materially affect our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2023, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. See Part I, Item 1, Business, in this Annual Report for a discussion of notification obligations and potential liability around data security incidents, including cyberattacks.

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Item 2. Properties

Our principal offices occupy approximately 13,775 square feet of leased office space in Princeton, New Jersey pursuant to a lease agreement that expires in March 2025. We believe that our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

None.

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Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information and Holders of Record

Our common stock was listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “AGRX” from May 23, 2014 through January 2, 2019. From January 3, 2019 to March 25, 2024, our common stock was listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “AGRX”. Beginning on March 26, 2024, our common stock is trading on the “over-the-counter” market operated by the OTC Markets Group under our existing “AGRX” trading symbol. We have applied for trading on the OTC-QB market.

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As of March 27, 2024, we had 13 holders of record of our common stock. The actual number of shareholders is greater than this number of record holders and includes shareholders who are beneficial owners but whose shares are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. The number of holders of record also does not include shareholders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities. The closing price of our common stock on March 27, 2024 was $0.37.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future. Subject to such restrictions, any future determinations to pay cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions, and any other factors that our board may deem relevant.

Stock Performance Graph

This performance graph shall not be deemed “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liabilities under that Section, and shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any of our filings under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

The following graph shows a comparison from December 31, 2018 through December 31, 2023 of the cumulative total return for our common stock, and the Nasdaq Composite Index and The Nasdaq Biotechnology Index. The graph assumes that $100 was invested at the market close on December 31, 2018 in the common stock of Agile Therapeutics, Inc., the Nasdaq Composite Index and The Nasdaq Biotechnology Index and assumes reinvestments of dividends. The stock price performance of the following graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

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Comparison of Cumulative Total Return

December 31, 2023

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Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is provided to enhance the understanding of, and should be read in conjunction with, Part I, Item 1, “Business” and Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.” For information on risks and uncertainties related to our business that may make past performance not indicative of future results or cause actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements,” and Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Dollars in tabular format are presented in thousands, except per share data, or as otherwise indicated.

Overview

We are a women’s healthcare company dedicated to fulfilling the unmet health needs of today’s women. We are committed to innovating in women’s healthcare where there continues to be unmet needs – not only in contraception – but also in other meaningful women’s health therapeutic areas. We are focused on our advancement as a commercial company and the growth of our first and only product, Twirla, a once-weekly prescription combination hormonal contraceptive patch. For a summary of our ongoing commercial plan and programs for Twirla, see Part I, Item 1, “Business.”

Financial Overview

Since our inception in 1997 through 2022, we generated minimal revenue and have never been profitable. Through December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of $423.2 million, and our net loss was $14.5 million, $25.4 million

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and $71.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect to continue to incur operating losses for the foreseeable future as we commercialize Twirla. We have financed our operations primarily through the public offerings of equity securities, convertible preferred stock, term loans and sale of our New Jersey net operating losses. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had $2.5 million and $5.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, respectively.

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We plan to continue to monitor our cash and cash equivalents balances, in an effort to ensure we have adequate liquidity to fund our operations. If we encounter unforeseen factors that impact our current business plan or our ability to generate revenue from the commercialization of Twirla, we believe we have the ability to revise our commercial plans, including curtailing sales and marketing spending, to allow us to continue to fund our operations using existing cash and cash equivalents.

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As we continue to develop as a commercial company, we anticipate that our operating expenses will be primarily focused on commercialization activities for Twirla. We also expect a portion of our operating expenses in the future will be related to research and development as we design and conduct our long-term, prospective observational safety study for Twirla, which is a post marketing requirement from the FDA and evaluate the development of our pipeline. As of December 31, 2023, we have significantly reduced our operating expenses through several measures, including optimizing our sales force, reorganizing our internal operations, reducing our advertising spend, and reorganizing our executive leadership team and general personnel. We are committed to continuing to explore ways to reduce expenses in a manner that allows us to simultaneously focus efforts and available resources on the commercialization, uptake and growth of Twirla. Our ability to reduce our operating loss and begin to generate positive cash flow from operations depends on the continued success in commercializing Twirla and maintaining discipline over our operating expenses. We continue to explore business development opportunities to commercialize a second product, and to do so in a way that we believe would contribute to our ability to reduce our operating losses and reduce our time to achieving positive cash flow from operations.

Going Concern

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $2.5 million. We believe our current cash and cash equivalents will support operations through April 2024.

We have generated losses since inception, used substantial cash in operations, and anticipate we will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future. Our future success depends on our ability to obtain additional capital and/or implement various strategic alternatives, and there can be no assurance that any financing can be realized by us, or if realized, what the terms of any such financing may be, or that any amount that we are able to raise will be adequate. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on acceptable terms, we then will be unable to continue the commercialization of Twirla, be required to cut operating costs, and forego future development and other opportunities. Based upon the foregoing, management has concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern through the 12 months following the date on which this Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed.

We continue to analyze various alternatives, including refinancing alternatives, potential asset sales and mergers and acquisitions. We cannot be certain that these initiatives or raising additional capital, whether through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, whether through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, or any combination thereof, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our common stock, and our current stockholders will experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical partners, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, including Twirla, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we then may be unable to continue the commercialization of Twirla and may also be required to further cut operating costs, forego future development and other opportunities and may need to seek bankruptcy protection.

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The financial statements as of December 31, 2023 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next 12 months. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our uncertain ability to obtain additional capital, reduce expenditures and/or execute our business plan and continue the commercial growth of Twirla. These financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

We do not own any manufacturing facilities and rely on our contract manufacturer, Corium, for all aspects of the manufacturing of Twirla. We will need to continue to invest in the manufacturing process for Twirla, and incur significant expenses, in order to be capable of supplying projected commercial quantities of Twirla. We have incurred significant expenses in order to create an infrastructure to support the commercialization of Twirla, including sales, marketing, distribution, medical affairs and compliance functions. We will need to generate significant revenue to achieve profitability, and we may never do so.

Financial Operations Overview

Revenue

To date, we have generated minimal revenue from product sales. In the future, in addition to revenue from product sales, we may generate revenue from license fees, milestone payments or royalties from the sale of products developed using our intellectual property. Our ability to generate revenue and become profitable depends on our ability to successfully commercialize Twirla and any product candidates that we may advance in the future. If we fail to successfully commercialize Twirla, or any other product candidates we advance in a timely manner or obtain regulatory approval for them, our ability to generate future revenue, and our results of operations and financial position, could be adversely affected.

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, net sales totaled $19.6 million and $10.9 million, respectively, representing the sale of 248,220 units and 114,546 units, respectively. The increase in net sales was driven by increased sales in both the retail and non-retail channels.

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Cost of Product Revenues

Cost of product revenues include direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of Twirla sold, including packaging services, freight, obsolescence, and allocation of overhead costs that are primarily fixed such as depreciation, salaries and benefits, and insurance. We expect these relatively fixed costs to become less significant as a percentage of sales with anticipated volume increases. There was no direct cost of product revenue on approximately 3,000 units sold in the year ended December 31, 2021, as those units were validation inventory which was previously expensed as research and development expense in the fourth quarter of 2020.

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For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, cost of product revenues totaled $9.0 million and $6.8 million, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

Since our inception and through approval of Twirla by the FDA in February 2020, we focused our resources on our research and development activities. Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred for the development of Twirla and other current and future potential product candidates, and include:

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Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Costs for certain development activities, such as clinical trials, are recognized based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks using data such as subject enrollment, clinical site activations or information provided to us by our third-party vendors.

Historically, research and development activities were central to our business model and to date, our research and development expenses have been related primarily to the development of Twirla. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. We do not currently utilize a formal time allocation system to capture expenses on a project-by-project basis, as the majority of our past and planned expenses have been and will be in support of Twirla. Our research and development expenses have decreased significantly over the past three years.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our research and development expenses were approximately $2.2 million, $3.3 million and $6.2 million, respectively. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses by functional area.

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It is difficult to determine with any certainty the exact duration and completion costs of any of our future clinical trials of Twirla or our current and future potential product candidates we may advance. It is also difficult to determine if, when or to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of our potential product candidates that obtain regulatory approval.

Future research and development costs incurred for our potential product candidates and required post-marketing studies will depend on a variety of factors, including the uncertainties of future clinical trials and preclinical studies, the rate of subject enrollment, access to additional capital, and significant and changing government regulation. For the foreseeable future, we expect the current public health crisis to have a negative effect on the conduct of clinical trials. In addition, the probability of success for each product candidate will depend on numerous factors, including competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) or another regulatory authority were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development of a product candidate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, or experience issues with our manufacturing capabilities, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time with respect to the development of that product candidate. We will determine which programs to pursue and how much to fund each program in response to the scientific and clinical success of each product candidate, coupled with an assessment of each product candidate’s commercial potential. Substantially all of our resources are currently dedicated to continuing to commercialize Twirla.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Selling and marketing expenses consist principally of the cost of salaries and related costs for personnel in sales and marketing, our contract sales force, brand building, advocacy, market research and consulting. Selling and marketing expenses are expensed as incurred.

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For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our selling and marketing expenses totaled approximately $17.8 million, $30.4 million and $43.4 million, respectively. Since the commercial launch of Twirla in the United States, we have utilized a contract sales force. We anticipate that our selling and marketing expenses will continue to be significant as our commercialization efforts continue.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, finance and administrative functions including payroll taxes and health insurance, stock-based compensation and travel expenses. Other general and administrative expenses include facility-related costs, insurance and professional fees for legal, patent review, consulting and accounting services. General and administrative expenses are expensed as incurred.

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our general and administrative expenses totaled approximately $10.5 million, $11.9 million and $14.7 million, respectively. We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will stabilize in the future.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make significant estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and expenses and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, our actual results may differ significantly from our estimates.

Our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We believe the following accounting policies to be most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Product revenues consist of sales of Twirla in the United States. In December 2020, we began shipping Twirla to our customers in the U.S., which consist primarily of specialty distributors. We recognize product revenues in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606). The provisions of ASC 606 require the following steps to determine revenue recognition: (1) Identify the contract(s) with a customer; (2) Identify the performance obligations in the contract; (3) Determine the transaction price; (4) Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (5) Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

In accordance with ASC 606, we recognize revenue when our performance obligation is satisfied by transferring control of the product to a customer. Per our contracts with customers, control of the product is transferred upon the conveyance of title, which occurs when the product is sold to and received by a customer. Accounts receivable due to us from contracts with our customers are stated separately in the balance sheet, net of various allowances as described in the Accounts Receivable policy in Note 2 to the Financial Statements, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

The amount of revenue we recognize is equal to the amount of consideration which is expected to be received from the sale of product to our customers. Revenue is only recognized when it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur in future periods. To determine this, we assess both the likelihood and magnitude of any such potential reversal of revenue.

The product is sold to customers at the wholesale acquisition cost. However, we record product revenue, net of estimates for applicable variable consideration which consist primarily of wholesaler distribution fees, prompt pay and other discounts, rebates, chargebacks, product returns and co-pay assistance programs.

If any, or all, of our actual experiences vary from the estimates above, we may need to adjust prior period accruals, affecting revenue in the period of adjustment.

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Warrants

We account for warrants to purchase common stock in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. ASC 480 requires that a financial instrument – other than an outstanding share, that, at inception, is indexed to an obligation to repurchase the issuer’s equity shares, regardless of the timing or the probability of the redemption feature and may require the issuer to settle the obligation by transferring assets, these warrants are classified as a liability. We measure the fair value of our warrant liability using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with changes in fair value recognized as increases or reductions to other income (expense) in the statement of operations.

Certain of our warrants are accounted for in equity, and warrants associated with certain of our financings are accounted for as liabilities. In accordance with ASC Topic 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging, Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, these liabilities are measured at fair value upon issuance, with subsequent changes in fair value reported in the Statement of Operations each reporting period. Initial fair value measurements are recorded as liabilities with any excess value over net cash proceeds representing a current period loss, in the event fair value is less than the net cash proceeds, the remaining value is recorded in additional paid-in capital.

See Note 9 to our financial statements for further information regarding the accounting for the warrants we have issued in our various financings.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation under ASC 718, Accounting for Stock Based Compensation, under which compensation expense is generally recognized over the vesting period of the award. Determining the amount of stock-based compensation to be required requires us to develop estimates of fair values of stock options as of the grant date.

We account for stock-based compensation by measuring and recognizing expense for all stock-based payments made to employees and directors based on estimated grant date fair values. We use the straight-line method to allocate compensation cost to reporting periods over each optionee’s requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. We estimate the fair value of our stock-based awards to employees and directors using the Black-Scholes option valuation model, or Black-Scholes model. The Black-Scholes model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected stock price volatility, the calculation of expected term and the fair value of the underlying common stock on the date of grant, among other inputs. The risk-free interest rate was determined with the implied yield currently available for zero-coupon U.S. government issues with a remaining term approximating the expected life of the options.

We also award restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to employees and our board of directors (the “Board”). RSUs are generally subject to forfeiture if employment terminates prior to the completion of the vesting restrictions. We expense the cost of the RSUs, which is determined to be the fair market value of the shares of common stock underlying the RSUs at the date of grant, ratably over the period during which the vesting restrictions lapse. Cost associated with performance-based RSUs with a performance condition which affects the vesting is recognized only if the performance condition is probable of being satisfied.

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Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

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Revenues. Revenues, net increased by $8.7 million, or 80%, from $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, to $19.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Unit sales increased by approximately 133,674 units, or 117%, from 114,546 units for the year ended December 31, 2022, to 248,220 units for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease percentage in growth between dollars and units pertains to increased price discounts offered to the non-retail sales channel. Revenue, net consists of sales of Twirla and reflects the shipment of Twirla to specialty distributors, net of estimates for applicable variable consideration, which consist primarily of wholesale distribution fees, prompt pay and other discounts, rebates, chargebacks, product returns and co-pay assistance programs.

Cost of product revenues. Costs of product revenues increased by $2.1 million, or 31% from $6.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, to $9.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Costs of product revenues consist of direct and indirect costs related to the manufacturing of Twirla sold, including third-party manufacturing costs, packaging services, freight, obsolescence and allocation of overhead costs that are primarily fixed such as depreciation, salaries and benefits, and insurance. Cost of product revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 included approximately $0.8 million of obsolescence reserves for inventory not expected to be sold prior to its shelf-life date.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses decreased by $1.0 million, or 32%, from $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $2.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease in research and development expenses was primarily due to a decrease in clinical development expenses related to a reduction in spending on our pipeline evaluation and development as well as decreased personnel and consulting costs. 

Selling and marketing expenses. Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $12.6 million, or 42%, from $30.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease in selling and marketing expenses is due to reduced spending on marketing initiatives and the continued optimization of our contract sales force.

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General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.4 million, or 11% from $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $10.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This decrease in general and administrative expense was primarily due to decreased personnel costs as a result of lower headcount.

Loss on disposition of assets. In accordance with ASC 610-20, we recognized an $11.1 million one-time, non-cash charge during the year ended December 31, 2022, which represented the loss on the transfer of fixed assets to Corium in connection with the amended Corium agreement (see Note 12 to the financial statements). There was no comparable expense during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Interest income. Interest income comprises interest income earned on cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities.

Interest expense. Interest expense is attributable to our term loan with Perceptive and includes the amortization of the discount associated with allocating value to the common stock warrants issued to Perceptive and the amortization of the deferred financing costs associated with the term loan. Interest expense decreased by $1.7 million, from $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, due to principal payments made throughout 2023.

Unrealized gain on warrant liability. The unrealized gain on warrant liability was $6.8 million and $25.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Unrealized gain is attributable to the subsequent non-cash changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants issued in various public offerings and transactions between October 2021 and December 2023 (see Note 9 to the financial statements).

Net Operating Losses and Tax Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2023, we had approximately $396.5 million of federal and $77.4 million of state net operating loss carryforwards. We also potentially have federal and state research and development tax credits which would offset future taxable income. We have not completed a study to assess whether an ownership change has occurred, or whether there have been multiple ownership changes since our inception, due to the significant costs and complexities associated with such studies. Accordingly, our ability to utilize the aforementioned carryforwards may be limited. Additionally, for federal net operating losses generated prior to 2018, U.S. tax laws limit the time during which these carryforwards may be utilized against future taxes. As a result, we may not be able to take full advantage of these carryforwards for federal and state tax purposes. As of December 31, 2023, all of our net operating losses were fully offset by a valuation allowance.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

At December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $2.5 million. We invest our cash equivalents and marketable securities in short-term highly liquid, interest-bearing investment-grade and government securities in order to preserve principal.

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The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash for the periods indicated:

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Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities was $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $14.5 million, offset by a $6.8 million unrealized gain on outstanding warrants, non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.9 million, $1.4 of other non-cash charges, primarily interest expense and $7.0 of positive working capital changes, primarily an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a decrease in deposits. Net cash used in operating activities was $35.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $25.4 million, a $25.5 million non-cash gain on the warrant liability and a net increase in working capital items of $2.1 million. These uses of cash were partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $2.5 million, an $11.1 million non-cash loss on the disposition of assets, depreciation expense of $1.3 million and $2.2 million of other non-cash charges, primarily interest expense. Net cash used in operating activities was $65.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and consisted primarily of a net loss of $71.1 million, a $3.8 million non-cash gain on the warrant liability and a net increase in working capital items of $2.9 million, largely an increase in inventory of $6.3 million and an increase in prepaid expenses of $1.0 million, offset by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $5.2 million. These uses of cash were partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $3.3 million, a non-cash inventory reserve of $5.3 million, depreciation expense of $2.1 million and $1.8 million of other non-cash charges, primarily interest expense.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was zero. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0.1 million and represents purchases of property and equipment. Net cash provided by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $39.5 million and primarily represents net sales and maturities of marketable securities.

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Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $6.9 million, which consisted of net proceeds of $6.5 million from a public offering of common stock and pre-funded warrants, $1.7 million from the sale of 207,882 shares of our common stock through an at-the-market, or ATM, sales program partially offset by $1.0 million of principal payments on our debt. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $22.2 million, which primarily represents net proceeds of $21.9 million received from the issuance of 533,333 shares of our common stock through a public offering, net proceeds of $4.1 million from the sale of 4,850 shares of preferred stock in a registered direct offering, and net proceeds of $13.5 million from the sale of 253,115 shares of common stock through at-the-market, or ATM sales programs. These proceeds were partially offset by $17.4 million of long-term debt payments. Net cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $30.4 million, which primarily represents net proceeds of $21.1 million received from the issuance of 13,333 shares of our common stock through a public offering and net proceeds of $9.3 million from the sale of 3,458 shares of common stock through at-the-market, or ATM sales programs.

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Funding Requirements and Other Liquidity Matters

Shelf Registration Statement, At-The-Market (“ATM”) Offerings and Equity Offerings

We closely monitor our cash and cash equivalents balances, in an effort to ensure we have adequate liquidity to fund the operations of the Company. If unforeseen factors impact our current business plan or our ability to generate revenue from the commercialization of Twirla, we believe we have the ability to revise our commercial plans, including curtailing sales and marketing spending, to allow us to continue to fund our operations.

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ATM

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On January 10, 2022, we filed a prospectus supplement to a Shelf Registration Statement which was originally filed and declared effective by the SEC in October 2020 registering the January 2022 ATM we entered into for the sale of up to $50.0 million of shares of our common stock. During the year three months ended March 31, 2022, we sold and issued 512 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of $0.3 million under the January 2022 ATM. On April 26, 2022, we terminated the January 2022 ATM.

On April 27, 2022, we entered into the April 2022 ATM Agreement under which we are authorized to sell up to an aggregate of $12.8 million in gross proceeds through the sale of shares of common stock from time to time in the April 2022 ATM. We agreed to pay a commission of up to 3% of the gross proceeds of any common stock sold under this agreement. Through September 30, 2022, we issued and sold a total of 173,750 shares of common stock under the April 2022 ATM Agreement, representing the entire capacity of the April 2022 ATM, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $12.2 million. On August 22, 2022, we increased the April 2022 ATM (“August 2022 ATM”). As increased, we were eligible to offer and sell, from time to time through the Sales Agent, shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $75.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we issued and sold 78,853 shares of common stock under the August 2022 ATM resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $0.9 million. On April 12, 2023, we filed a prospectus supplement to our registration statement on Form S-3 for the August 2022 ATM verifying that we were then eligible to sell up to $4.5 million worth of shares through our ATM. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we issued and sold 207,883 shares resulting in net proceeds of approximately $1.7 million.

2022 Equity Offerings

On March 13, 2022, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with a single healthcare-focused institutional investor (the “Purchaser”), pursuant to which the Company issued, in a registered direct offering (the “2022 Preferred Stock Offering”), 2,425 shares of Series A convertible preferred stock (the “Series A Preferred Stock”) and 2,425 shares of Series B convertible preferred stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock”) and Series A warrants (the “Series A Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 12,125 shares of the common stock of the Company (the “Common Stock”) and Series B warrants (the “Series B Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 12,125 shares of Common Stock. Each share of Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock has a stated value of $1,000 per share and a conversion price of $400.00 per share. The shares of preferred stock issued in the offering are convertible into an aggregate of 12,125 shares of Common Stock. The Series A Warrants have an exercise price of $3.69 per share and became exercisable six months following the date of issuance and will expire 5 years following the initial exercise date. The Series B Warrants have an exercise price of $3.69 per share and became exercisable six months following the date of issuance and will expire one and one-half years following the initial exercise date.  The Purchase Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and agreements of the Company and the Purchaser and customary indemnification rights and obligations of the parties. The 2022 Preferred Stock Offering closed on March 14, 2022 and total net proceeds were approximately $4.3 million.

On April 25, 2022, we entered into a Letter Agreement with the Purchaser, pursuant to which the Purchasers consented to us entering into and effecting an ATM offering facility. Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, we issued to the Purchaser the New Warrant, on the same terms and conditions as the Series A Warrants, provided that such New Warrant shall be exercisable into 4,243 warrant shares, subject to adjustment thereunder. The Series A Warrants have an

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exercise price of $3.69 per share and became exercisable six months after the date of the Letter Agreement, and will expire 5 years following the initial exercise date. 

On July 6, 2022, we completed a best-efforts public offering (the “Offering”) in which we raised net proceeds of $22.0 million through the sale of 382,966 shares of common stock and 150,366 pre-funded warrants (“Series B pre-funded warrants”) to purchase 150,366 shares of common stock. Both the sales of shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants were accompanied by Series A-1 and Series A-2 warrants (together the “Series A warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock. The Series A-1 warrants are exercisable immediately and will expire five years from the date of issuance, and the Series A-2 warrants expired unexercised in August 2023. H.C. Wainwright acted as the exclusive placement agent in connection with the Offering and, as compensation, received a cash fee of 7% of the aggregate proceeds raised in the Offering. We also issued to certain designees of H.C. Wainwright warrants to purchase up to 26,666 shares of commons stock with an exercise price of $56.25 per share.

2023 Equity Offering

On May 25, 2023 we completed a best-efforts public offering (the “May 2023 Offering”) in which we raised net proceeds of $6.5 million through the sale of 1,896,286 shares of common stock (or pre-funded warrants in lieu thereof). Both the sales of shares of common stock and pre-funded warrants were accompanied by Series C-1 and Series C-2 warrants (together the “Series C warrants”) to purchase shares of common stock. The Series C-1 warrants are exercisable immediately and will expire five years from the date of issuance, and the Series C-2 warrants are exercisable immediately and will expire eighteen months from the date of issuance. H.C. Wainwright acted as the exclusive placement agent in connection with the Offering and, as compensation, received a cash fee of 7% of the aggregate proceeds raised in the Offering. We also issued to certain designees of H.C. Wainwright warrants to purchase up to 94,814 shares of commons stock with an exercise price of $4.9439 per share (the “Placement Agent Warrants”). The Placement Agent Warrants expire on the fifth anniversary from the date of the commencement of sales in the May 2023 Offering.

February 2024 Warrant Exercise

As previously reported, we issued warrants on July 6, 2022 and May 25, 2023, each of which were amended on December 3, 2023 (collectively the “Warrants”) to a certain investor, collectively representing the right to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,892,572 shares of the common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, of the Company (“Common Stock”), at an exercise price of $3.69 per share. On February 22, 2024, we entered into a warrant exercise agreement (the “Exercise Agreement”) with this certain holder of its Warrants (the “Exercising Holder”) wherein the Exercising Holder agreed to exercise the Warrants for cash, at an exercise price reduced by the Company to $1.25 per share (the “Warrant Exercise”). The gross proceeds from the Warrant Exercise were approximately $4.8 million. In consideration for the Warrant Exercise, we issued new unregistered warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “New Warrants”). The New Warrants are exercisable for an aggregate of up to 7,785,144 shares of Common Stock, at an exercise price of $1.00 per share and will be immediately exercisable upon issuance. 3,992,572 of the New Warrants will have a term of five years from the issuance date and 3,792,572 of the New Warrants will have a term of eighteen months from the issuance date. The exercise price of the New Warrants is subject to adjustment for stock splits, reverse splits, and similar capital transactions as described in the New Warrants. H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC acted as placement agent and financial advisor in connection with the transaction and received a cash fee of 7.0% of the gross proceeds resulting from the Warrant Exercise, a management fee of 1.0% of the gross proceeds resulting from the Warrant Exercise and warrants (the “Placement Agent Warrants”) to purchase 194,629 of shares of Common Stock which is equal to 5.0% of the number of Warrants exercised at an exercise price of $1.5625.

We believe we may have the potential to access additional capital through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan as required.

We expect to continue to incur significant operating expenses for the foreseeable future in connection with our ongoing activities as we:

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We may also need to raise additional funds if we need to change components of our commercial plan or we encounter any unforeseen events that affect our current business plan, or we may choose to raise additional funds to provide us with additional working capital. Adequate additional funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed or on attractive terms or are unable to enter into strategic collaborations, we then may be unable to successfully commercialize Twirla and may also be required to further cut operating costs, forgo future development and other opportunities or even terminate our operations, which may involve seeking bankruptcy protection. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with such developments, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenses associated with completing the commercialization of Twirla. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including:

We do not have any committed external source of funds. Until such time, if ever, as we can generate substantial cash flows from product revenues, we expect to finance our cash needs through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements.

Going Concern

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of $2.5 million. We closely monitor our cash and cash equivalents and expect that our current cash will fund our planned operations into April 2024. We plan to raise additional funds through debt issuances or the issuance and sale of our common stock to meet our projected operating requirements, including the continued commercialization of Twirla, the exploration and potential advancement of our existing pipeline and our possible expansion through business development activities.

Our future success depends on our ability to raise additional capital and/or implement various strategic alternatives. We continue to analyze strategic and financing alternatives, potential asset sales as well as mergers and acquisitions. We cannot be certain that these initiatives or raising additional capital, whether through selling additional debt or equity securities or obtaining a line of credit or other loan, will be available to us or, if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. If we issue additional securities to raise funds, whether through the issuance of equity or convertible debt securities, or any combination thereof, these securities may have rights, preferences, or privileges senior to those of our common

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stock, and our current shareholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we raise additional funds through collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with pharmaceutical partners, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates, including Twirla, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we are unable to obtain funds when needed or on acceptable terms, we may be required to curtail our current development programs, cut operating costs, forego future development and other opportunities and may need to seek bankruptcy protection.

The financial statements as of December 31, 2023 have been prepared under the assumption that we will continue as a going concern for the next 12 months following the date this Annual Report on Form 10-K is filed. Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our uncertain ability to obtain additional capital, reduce expenditures and/or execute our business plan and successfully launch Twirla. The audited financial statements as of December 31, 2023 do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

In April 2020, we entered into a Manufacturing and Commercialization agreement (the ‘Corium Agreement”) with Corium Innovations, Inc. (“Corium”) which replaced our previous development agreement. Pursuant to the Corium Agreement, Corium will manufacture and supply all of our product requirements for Twirla at certain specified rates. Under the terms of the Corium Agreement, Corium is to be the exclusive supplier of Twirla for ten years. The Corium Agreement included a quarterly minimum purchase commitment and a fixed price per unit for two years from December 2020, the date of the first commercial batch purchase order invoice, depending on annual purchase volume. During 2021, we did not meet all of our minimum quantity purchases from Corium, and as a result, paid penalties as required by our agreement with Corium. On July 25, 2022 we, along with Corium, amended the Corium Agreement to restructure the minimums applicable to the purchase of manufactured Twirla and to extend the term of the Corium Agreement until December 31, 2033. The Corium Agreement terminates automatically on December 31, 2033, but may be terminated for any reason upon the written mutual agreement of both parties; provided, however, that the parties must confer in good faith regarding possible mutual termination. In the event of such termination, we may still affect purchase orders after the notice of termination is given and until the time any such termination becomes effective. As of December 31, 2023, the minimum amount committed totals $225.0 million for the 10-year period from 2024 through 2033.

In April 2020, we entered into a project agreement with inVentiv Commercial Services, LLC, or inVentiv, a Syneos Health Group Company, which we refer to as the Syneos Agreement, under our Master Services Agreement with inVentiv. Pursuant to the Syneos Agreement, inVentiv, through its affiliate Syneos Selling Solutions, will provide a field force of sales representatives to provide certain detailing services, sales operation services, compliance services, and training services with respect to Twirla to us in exchange for an up-front implementation fee and a fixed monthly fee. Effective February 1, 2022, we entered into an amendment to the Syneos Agreement that extended the term until August 23, 2024. At that time, the Syneos Agreement will terminate automatically unless extended upon the mutual written agreement of the parties. We may terminate the Syneos Agreement for any reason upon timely written notice without incurring a termination fee. On September 28, 2023, we entered into the Seventh Amendment to the Syneos Agreement, pursuant to which we will pay Syneos a fixed weekly fee for the performance of Services (as defined in the Syneos Agreement) through August 23, 2024. As of December 31, 2023, the minimum amount committed totals $2.4 million.

Our operating lease commitment relates to our lease of office space in Princeton, New Jersey. The lease for this space commenced in December 2021, and the minimum payments over the remaining 15-month term totals $0.6 million as of December 31, 2023.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to our financial statements that discusses new accounting pronouncements.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk [Reserved]

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Agile Therapeutics, Inc.

Index to Financial Statements

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Agile Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Agile Therapeutics, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has generated losses since inception, used substantial cash in operations, has a working capital deficiency, anticipates it will continue to incur net losses for the foreseeable future, requires additional capital to fund its operating needs and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.

Iselin, New Jersey

March 28, 2024

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Agile Therapeutics, Inc.

Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except par value and share data)

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